Overview

Examining how industrial leaders met the challenge from the democratic movements, this text explores how this has affected democratization processes and management models in the Nordic region. The industrial leaders had to develop new kinds of strategies, channels of influence and management styles as a response to the democratic challenge. In Norway a democratic capitalism emerged where the economic bourgeoisie found itself in a particularly weak position and was therefore obliged to legitimize leadership by way of egalitarian and democratic norms and arguments. In Denmark petty bourgeois capitalism developed, characterized by a gradual transition from a paternalistic authoritarian system, to a system based on negotiation and expertise. In Sweden the industrial bourgeoisie had a stronger foothold. The growth of international corporate giants contributed to giving Swedish industrial leaders a particularly strong position; they were also able to develop political channels affording them influence subsequent to the establishment of democracy. In Finland democratization occurred simultaneously with the national liberation. The Russia issue, and tensions between the Swedish-speaking and Finnish-speaking elite, resulted in a stronger patriotic emphasis on the part of the industrial bourgeoisie. Industrial leaders in Finland were less sympathetically inclined towards the labour movement and other democratic movements than such leaders in the other Nordic nations. The book presents the results of a research project on industrial management and societal development in the Nordic countries from 1880-1960, carried out by historians and social scientists from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

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