Overview

This book is concerned with the ways in which crops might be developed, or improved, for soils that are agriculturally unproductive because of excesses- high salinity and metal toxicity - and/or deficiencies of certain minerals. The aim is that those working to derive crops for growth on these problem soils should be aware of the many diverse avenues that areavailable. The methods discussed are conventional breeding, selection based on knowledge of the physiological basis of tolerance, the use of cell culture and cytogenetics, and the exploitation of native flora.

Full Product Details

Author:   Anthony R. Yeo ,  T. J. Flowers
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Volume:   21
Weight:   0.480kg
ISBN:  

9783540531159

ISBN 10:   3540531157
Pages:   232
Publication Date:   21 June 1994
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction: World Population and Agricultural Productivity.- 1.1 How Many People Are There?.- 1.2 Agricultural Requirements.- 1.2.1 Food Requirements.- 1.2.2 Food Supply.- 1.3 Population-Carrying Capacity.- 1.4 How Much Land Is There?.- 1.5 Increasing Food Production.- References.- 2 Conventional Plant Breeding for Tolerance to Problem Soils.- 2.1 Screening Techniques.- 2.2 Variability in Tolerance for Soil Stresses.- 2.2.1 Rice.- 2.3 Genetics of Tolerance for Soil Stresses.- 2.3.1 Gene Location and Linkages.- 2.3.2 Correlated Changes.- 2.4 Crop-Improvement.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Pure Line and Mass Selection.- 2.4.3 Hybridisation and Selection.- 2.4.3.1 Pedigree Method.- 2.4.3.2 Bulk Method.- 2.4.3.3 Backcross Breeding.- 2.4.3.4 Recurrent Selection.- 2.4.3.5 Rapid Generation Advance Procedures.- 2.4.4 Mutation Breeding.- 2.4.5 Polyploid Breeding.- 2.4.6 Heterosis Breeding.- 2.5 Summary.- References.- 3 Physiological Criteria in Screening and Breeding.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Reasons for the Use of Physiological Selection.- 3.2.1 The Complexity of Tolerance.- 3.2.2 Importing Tolerance from Wild Relatives.- 3.2.3 Measuring Stress Tolerance.- 3.2.4 Interaction Between Environmental Stresses.- 3.2.5 Limitations to the Use of Yield as a Selection Criterion.- 3.3 Salinity.- 3.3.1 Basic Problems.- 3.3.2 Salt Exclusion.- 3.3.3 Conditions Requiring Osmotic Adjustment.- 3.3.4 Characteristics Needed in Salt-Tolerant Plants.- 3.3.4.1 Control of Salt Uptake.- 3.3.4.2 Limiting the Damage That Excessive Ion Uptake Causes.- 3.3.4.3 Osmotic Adjustment.- 3.3.5 Agricultural Versus Ecological Advantage.- 3.3.6 Examples Where Knowledge of Physiological Mechanisms Would Aid Selection for Salt Tolerance.- 3.3.6.1 Where Tolerance Is Accidental.- 3.3.6.2 Where Tolerance Is Not a Single Character.- 3.3.6.3 Where Tolerance Is Incidental.- 3.3.6.4 Where a Mechanism Is As Important As Tolerance Itself.- 3.3.6.5 Where Screening/Selection Pressure Is Severe.- 3.4 Drought.- 3.4.1 Efficient Use of Water.- 3.4.2 Exploitation of Soil Moisture.- 3.4.3 Leaf Water Relations.- 3.4.4 Selection for Drought Tolerance.- 3.5 Physiological Selection Procedures.- 3.5.1 Advantages of Using Physiological Criteria.- 3.5.2 Constraints.- 3.5.3 Prospects.- References.- 4 Cytogenetic Manipulations in the Triticeae.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Background to Wheat and Salinity.- 4.3 Cytogenetics of Wheat.- 4.4 Transfer into Wheat of Alien Genes for Tolerance to Salt.- 4.5 The Development of Hybrids as New Crop Species.- 4.6 The Interface Between Cytogenetics and Physiology.- 4.7 Genetic Control of Salt Tolerance in Barley.- 4.8 Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in the Triticeae.- 4.9 Examples of Alien Introduction.- 4.10 Genetic Markers in Plant Breeding.- 4.11 Summary.- References.- 5 Tissue Culture in the Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Plants.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Application of Tissue Culture to Obtain Salt-Tolerant Plants.- 5.2.1 Somatic Cell Selection.- 5.2.2 Parasexual Hybridisation.- 5.2.3 Gene Transformation.- 5.3 Tissue Culture in the Identification and Characterisation of Cellular Determinants of Salt Tolerance.- 5.3.1 Osmotic Adjustment Is a Fundamental Cellular Determinant of Salt Tolerance.- 5.3.2 Osmotic Adjustment Mediated by Ion Accumulation.- 5.3.3 Organic Osmotic Solute Accumulation in the Cytosol.- 5.3.3.1 Glycinebetaine Accumulation.- 5.3.3.2 Proline Accumulation.- 5.3.3.3 Accumulation of Other Organic Solutes.- 5.4 Conclusion.- References.- 6 The Agricultural Use of Native Plants on Problem Soils.- 6.1 Evolution of Domestic Species.- 6.2 Limits of Improving Existing Crops.- 6.2.1 Genetic Variability Within Crop Species.- 6.2.2 Salt Tolerance.- 6.2.3 Mineral Deficiency.- 6.2.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity.- 6.2.4.1 Extent of the Resource Base.- 6.2.4.2 Heavy Metal-Binding Proteins.- 6.3 Availability of Alternatives.- 6.4 Methods of Domestication.- 6.4.1 Extent of the Halophyte Resource Base.- 6.4.2 Use of Halophytes to Improve Rangeland Productivity.- 6.4.3 Use of Halophytes as Irrigated Crop Plants.- 6.4.3.1 Use of Forage Crops: Productivity.- 6.4.3.2 Potential for Use as Direct Food Crops.- 6.5 Time Scale for Agricultural Development.- 6.6 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Metal Toxicity.- 7.1 Introduction: Sources of Toxicity.- 7.2 The Measurement of Tolerance.- 7.2.1 Solution Culture Methods.- 7.2.2 Soil-Based Methods of Testing Tolerance.- 7.3 Variability in Wild Species.- 7.3.1 Tolerance to Heavy Metals.- 7.3.2 Tolerance of Aluminium and Manganese.- 7.4 Variability in Cultivated Species.- 7.4.1 Tolerance to Zinc.- 7.4.2 Tolerance to Aluminium and Manganese.- 7.4.2.1 Wheat.- 7.4.2.2 Sorghum.- 7.4.2.3 Rice.- 7.4.2.4 Maize.- 7.4.2.5 Other Species.- 7.5 The Genetic Basis of Metal Tolerance.- 7.5.1 Wild Species.- 7.5.2 Cultivated Species.- 7.6 The Physiological Basis of Tolerance to Metals.- 7.7 Synthesis.- References.- 8 Micronutrient Toxicities and Deficiencies in Rice.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Iron.- 8.2.1 Iron Deficiency.- 8.2.2 Iron Toxicity.- 8.3 Manganese.- 8.3.1 Manganese Deficiency.- 8.3.2 Manganese Toxicity.- 8.4 Zinc.- 8.4.1 Zinc Deficiency.- 8.5 Copper.- 8.5.1 Copper Deficiency.- 8.6 Boron.- 8.6.1 Boron Deficiency.- 8.6.2 Boron Toxicity.- 8.7 Molybdenum.- References.- 9 Summary: Breeding Plants for Problem Soils - Current Knowledge and Prospects.- 9.1 Why Grow Crops on Problem Soils?.- 9.2 Approaches to the Utilisation of Problem Soils.- 9.3 Selection of Parents and Within Breeding Populations.- 9.4 Tolerance and Potential Yield.- 9.5 Genetics of Tolerance to Problem Soils.- 9.6 Transfer from Other Species.- 9.7 Domestication of New Crops from the Native Flora.- 9.8 Outlook.

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