Overview

Today, when many parents seem reluctant to have their children vaccinated, even with long proven medications, the Salk vaccine trial, which enrolled millions of healthy children to test an unproven medical intervention, seems nothing short of astonishing. In Selling Science, medical historian Stephen E. Mawdsley recounts the untold story of the first large clinical trial to control polio using healthy children—55,000 healthy children—revealing how this long-forgotten incident cleared the path for Salk’s later trial. Mawdsley describes how, in the early 1950s, Dr. William Hammon and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis launched a pioneering medical experiment on a previously untried scale. Conducted on over 55,000 healthy children in Texas, Utah, Iowa, and Nebraska, this landmark study assessed the safety and effectiveness of a blood component, gamma globulin, to prevent paralytic polio. The value of the proposed experiment was questioned by many prominent health professionals as it harbored potential health risks, but as Mawdsley points out, compromise and coercion moved it forward. And though the trial returned dubious results, it was presented to the public as a triumph and used to justify a federally sanctioned mass immunization study on thousands of families between 1953 and 1954. Indeed, the concept, conduct, and outcome of the GG study were sold to health professionals, medical researchers, and the public at each stage. At a time when most Americans trusted scientists, their mutual encounter under the auspices of conquering disease was shaped by politics, marketing, and at times, deception. Drawing on oral history interviews, medical journals, newspapers, meeting minutes, and private institutional records, Selling Science sheds light on the ethics of scientific conduct, and on the power of marketing to shape public opinion about medical experimentation. 

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Mawdsley tells the riveting and forgotten history of a massive human experiment, conducted in the hopes of preventing polio. It provides a sober reminder of the limits of research ethics and scientific precaution in the face of a dread disease. --Angela Creager author of Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine Mawdsley uses the enthusiasm for Gamma Globulin and the ultimate clinical trial as a vehicle to explore more broadly mid-twentieth-century attitudes towards risk, scientific transparency, double-blind clinical trials, and the power of fundraising and marketing over science. Selling Science is well-written, clearly argued, and extensively researched. --Daniel J. Wilson author of Living with Polio: The Epidemic and Its Survivors

Mawdsley uses the enthusiasm for Gamma Globulin and the ultimate clinical trial as a vehicle to explore more broadly mid-twentieth-century attitudes towards risk, scientific transparency, double-blind clinical trials, and the power of fundraising and marketing over science. Selling Science is well-written, clearly argued, and extensively researched. --Daniel J. Wilson author of Living with Polio: The Epidemic and Its Survivors

Mawdsley tells the riveting and forgotten history of a massive human experiment, conducted in the hopes of preventing polio. It provides a sober reminder of the limits of research ethics and scientific precaution in the face of a dread disease. --Angela Creager author of Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine

In Selling Science Stephen Mawdsley approaches polio from a different angle, following the history of the purified blood fraction gamma globulin, an antibody. As Mawdsley compellingly shows, the gamma globulin field trials marked the opening of a new chapter in the social history of biomedicine, one in which the methods of persuasion joined the methods of medicine in the structuring of clinical trials.

Author Information

STEPHEN E. MAWDSLEY is the Isaac Newton–Ann Johnston Research Fellow at Clare Hall at the University of Cambridge in England. 

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