Overview

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and potential joint deformity. It primarily affects the small joints of the hands and feet symmetrically, but can also involve larger joints and other organs. RA results from the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue, causing damage to cartilage and bone. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, including rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Treatment aims to control inflammation, alleviate pain, preserve joint function, and prevent disease progression through a multidisciplinary approach. This may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, corticosteroids, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Early diagnosis and aggressive management are crucial in minimizing joint damage and improving long-term outcomes for individuals living with RA.

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