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Author:   Walter Greiner ,  B. Müller ,  J. Rafelski
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985
Dimensions:   Width: 17.00cm , Height: 3.10cm , Length: 24.40cm
Weight:   1.040kg
ISBN:  

9783642822742

ISBN 10:   3642822746
Pages:   596
Publication Date:   22 December 2011
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
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Table of Contents

1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Charged Vacuum.- 1.2 From Theory to Experimental Verification.- 1.2.1 Superheavy Quasimolecules.- 1.2.2 Nuclear Sticking.- 1.2.3 K-Shell Ionization.- 1.3 Theoretical Developments.- 1.4 Historical Annotations on the Vacuum.- 1.4.1 The Concept of Vacuum.- 1.4.2 The Vacuum in Strong Fields.- 1.5 The Vacuum in Modern Quantum Physics.- 1.5.1 Pion Condensation.- 1.5.2 Strong Gravitational Fields.- 1.5.3 Vacuum Structure of Strongly Interacting Fermions and Bosons.- Bibliographical Notes.- 2. The Wave Equation for Spin-1/2 Particles.- 2.1 The Dirac Equation.- 2.2 The Free Dirac Particle.- 2.3 Single-Particle Interpretation of Plane (Free) Dirac Waves.- 2.4 The Dirac Particle Coupled to Electromagnetic Fields — Non-Relativistic Limits and Spin of the Dirac Equation.- 2.5 Lorentz Covariance of the Dirac Equation.- 2.5.1 Formulation of Covariance (Form Invariance).- 2.5.2 Determining the ?(â) Operator for Infinitesimal Lorentz Transformations.- 2.5.3 The ?(â) Operator for Finite Lorentz Transformations.- 2.5.4 Finite, Proper Lorentz Transformations.- 2.5.5 The ? Operator for Finite Lorentz Transformations.- 2.5.6 The Four-Current Density.- 2.6 Spinor Under Space Inversion (Parity Transformation).- 2.7 Bilinear Covariants of Dirac Spinors.- 2.8 Gauge Invariant Coupling of Electromagnetic and Spinor Field.- Bibliographical Notes.- 3. Dirac Particles in External Potentials.- 3.1 A Dirac Particle in a One-Dimensional Square Well Potential.- 3.2 A Dirac Particle in a Scalar, One-Dimensional Square Well Potential.- 3.3 A Dirac Particle in a Spherical Well.- 3.4 Solutions of the Dirac Equation for a Coulomb and a Scalar 1/r Potential.- 3.4.1 Pure Scalar Potential.- 3.4.2 Pure Coulomb Potential.- 3.4.3 Coulomb and Scalar Potential of Equal Strength (?? = ??).- 3.5 Stationary Continuum Waves for a Dirac Particle in a Coulomb Potential.- Bibliographical Notes.- 4. The Hole Theory.- 4.1 The “Dirac Sea”.- 4.1.1 Historical Context.- 4.2 Charge Conjugation Symmetry.- 4.3 Charge Conjugation of States in External Potential.- 4.3.1 Historical Note.- 4.4 Parity and Time-Reversal Symmetry.- 4.4.1 Parity Invariance.- 4.4.2 Time-Reversal Symmetry.- Bibliographical Notes.- 5. The Klein Paradox.- 5.1 The Klein Paradox in the Single-Particle Interpretation of the Dirac Equation.- 5.2 Klein’s Paradox and Hole Theory.- Bibliographical Notes.- 6. Resonant States in Supercritical Fields.- 6.1 Resonances in the Negative Energy Continuum.- 6.2 One Bound State Diving into One Continuum.- 6.2.1 Filled K Shell.- 6.2.2 Empty K Shell.- 6.3 Two and More Bound States Imbedded in One Continuum.- 6.4 One Bound State Imbedded in Several Continua.- 6.5 Overcritical Continuum States.- 6.5.1 Continuum Solutions for Extended Nuclei.- 6.5.2 Comments on the Point Nucleus Problem for Z? > |?|.- 6.5.3 The Physical Phase Shifts.- 6.5.4 Resonances in the Lower Continuum for Z > Zcr.- 6.5.5 The Vacuum Charge Distribution.- 6.6 Some Useful Mathematical Relations.- 6.6.1 A Different Choice of Phases.- Bibliographical Notes.- 7. Quantum Electrodynamics of Weak Fields.- 7.1 The Non-Relativistic Propagator.- 7.2 The S Matrix.- 7.3 Propagator for Electrons and Positrons.- 7.4 Relativistic Scattering Theory.- Bibliographical Notes.- 8. The Classical Dirac Field Interacting with a Classical Electromagnetic Field — Formal Properties.- 8.1 Field Equations in Hamiltonian Form.- 8.2 Conservation Laws.- 8.3 Representation by Energy Eigenmodes.- 8.3.1 Time-Independent Potentials.- 8.3.2 Explicitly Time-Dependent Potentials.- 8.4 The Elementary Field Functions.- Bibliographical Notes.- 9. Second Quantization of the Dirac Field and Definition of the Vacuum.- 9.1 Canonical Quantization of the Dirac Field.- 9.2 Fock Space and the Vacuum State (I).- 9.3 Poincaré Invariance of the Quantum Theory.- 9.4 Gauge Invariance and Discrete Symmetries.- 9.5 The Vacuum State (II).- 9.6 The Feynman Propagator.- 9.7 Charge and Energy of the Vacuum (I).- 9.8 Charge and Energy of the Vacuum (II).- 9.9 Appendix: Feynman Propagator for Time-Dependent Fields.- Bibliographical Notes.- 10. Evolution of the Vacuum State in Supercritical Potentials.- 10.1 The In/Out Formalism.- 10.2 Evolution of the Vacuum State.- 10.3 Decay of a Supercritical K Vacancy — Projection Formalism.- 10.4 Decay of the Neutral Vacuum — Schrödinger Picture.- 10.5 The Vacuum in a Constant Electromagnetic Field.- 10.6 Quantum Electrodynamics in Strong Macroscopic Fields.- 10.7 Klein’s Paradox Revisited.- Bibliographical Notes.- 11. Superheavy Quasimolecules.- 11.1 Heavy-Ion Collisions: General Remarks.- 11.2 The Two-Centre Dirac Equation.- 11.3 The Critical Distance Rcr.- Bibliographical Notes.- 12. The Dynamics of Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 12.1 Rutherford Scattering.- 12.2 Expansion in the Quasi-Molecular Basis.- 12.3 Heavy-Ion Collisions: A Quantal Description.- 12.4 The Semiclassical Approximation.- 12.5 Collisions with Nuclear Interaction.- 12.6 Status of Numerical Calculations.- Bibliographical Notes.- 13. Experimental Test of Supercritical Fields in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 13.1 Establishing Superheavy Quasimolecules.- 13.2 Positron Spectrometers.- 13.2.1 The “Orange”-Type ? Spectrometer.- 13.2.2 Solenoidal Transport Systems.- 13.3 Background Effects Creating Positrons.- 13.4 Positron Experiments I: Gross Features.- 13.5 Positron Experiments II: Deep Inelastic Collisions.- 13.6 Positron Experiments III: Narrow Structures in the Positron Spectrum.- 13.7 Giant Nuclear Systems and Spontaneous Positron Emission.- Bibliographical Notes.- 14. Vacuum Polarization.- 14.1 Vacuum-Current Density: Perturbative Expansion.- 14.2 Gauge Invariance and Vacuum Polarization.- 14.3 Charge Renormalization.- 14.4 Explicit Form of the Polarization Function.- 14.5 Vacuum Polarization Effects in Atoms.- Bibliographical Notes.- 15. Vacuum Polarization: Arbitrarily Strong External Potentials.- 15.1 Green’s Function for Arbitrarily Strong External Potentials.- 15.2 Vacuum Polarization Charge Density.- 15.3 Vacuum Polarization in External Fields of Arbitrary Strengths.- 15.4 Real and Virtual Vacuum Polarization.- Bibliographical Notes.- 16. Many-Body Effects in QED of Strong Fields.- 16.1 Self-Consistent Hartree-Fock Equations.- 16.2 Self-Energy Effects in Atoms.- 16.3 Self-Energy in Superheavy Atoms.- 16.4 Supercharged Vacuum.- 16.5 The Problem of a Supercritical Point Charge.- 16.5.1 Overcritical Single-Particle States.- 16.5.2 Screening Effects of the Vacuum Charge.- 16.5.3 Influence of Heavier Leptons.- 16.6 Klein’s Paradox Revisited.- Bibliographical Notes.- 17. Bosons Bound in Strong Potentials.- 17.1 The Klein-Gordon Field.- 17.2 Alternate Form of the Klein-Gordon Equation.- Bibliographical Notes.- 18. Subcritical External Potentials.- 18.1 Quantization of the Klein-Gordon Field with External Fields.- 18.2 (Quasi) Particle Representation of the Operators.- 18.3 The Fock Space and Diagonalization of the Hamiltonian.- 18.4 The Coulomb Problem for Spin-0 Particles.- Bibliographical Notes.- 19. Overcritical Potential for Bose Fields.- 19.1 The Critical Potentials.- 19.2 The True Ground State and Bose Condensation.- 19.3 Solutions of the Condensate Equations.- Bibliographical Notes.- 20. Strong Yang-Mills Fields.- 20.1 Quantum Chromodynamics.- 20.2 Gluon Condensates in Strong Colour Fields.- 20.3 The “Magnetic” Vacuum of QCD.- 20.4 Spontaneous Quark Pair Production and Fission of Quark Bags.- Bibliographical Notes.- 21. Strong Fields in General Relativity.- 21.1 Dirac Particles in a Gravitational Field.- 21.2 Limiting Charge of Black Holes.- 21.3 Uniform Acceleration and Rindler Space.- 21.4 Event Horizon and Thermal Particle Spectrum.- Bibliographical Notes.- References.

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