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Norway Before the Vikings: Ice, Stone, and the Making of a Northern World by Adrian E. Markham uncovers the long prehistoric story that shaped Norway before the rise of kings, ships, and sagas. Drawing on archaeology, geology, and landscape studies, Markham traces how people learned to survive and thrive in one of Europe's most demanding environments. From the melting of the great ice sheets to the first settlements along the fjords, he follows the gradual transformation of a frozen wilderness into a lived and remembered world. Through evidence preserved in rock carvings, ancient tools, and burial mounds, the book explores how early Norwegians built their lives from stone, bone, and sea. It examines the rhythms of migration and return, the beginnings of trade and craftsmanship, and the sacred meanings carried by the land itself. Sites such as Alta, Avaldsnes, Forsandmoen, and Borre reveal a civilization defined not by conquest, but by adaptation, continuity, and skill. By the time the Viking Age arrived, Norway had already forged its identity through thousands of years of endurance and ingenuity. Clear, evocative, and grounded in the material record, Norway Before the Vikings offers a vivid portrait of how a northern world was made long before it was named.

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