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Author:   Francesco Riggi
Publisher:   Springer International Publishing AG
Imprint:   Springer International Publishing AG
Edition:   1st ed. 2023
Weight:   0.810kg
ISBN:  

9783031247613

ISBN 10:   3031247612
Pages:   367
Publication Date:   01 April 2023
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
We will order this item for you from a manufactured on demand supplier.

Table of Contents

"1 The discovery of the cosmic radiation 1.1 Introduction1.2 Terrestrial radioactivity and first experiences with electroscopes1.3 Investigations in the atmosphere1.4 Victor Hess and the evidence for an extraterrestrial radiation1.5 Towards a confirmation of Hess's results 2 Confirmation of the existence of a cosmic radiation2.1 Further investigations in Europe during and after the First World War2.2 Robert Millikan and the first US contributions to cosmic ray physics2.3 The acceptance of the idea of a cosmic radiation 3 The nature of the cosmic radiation  3.1 The influence of the Earth's magnetic field3.2 Campaigns for measuring the intensity of cosmic radiation in various geographical locations3.3 The debate on the corpuscular or radiative nature of cosmic radiation3.4 Further contributions in Europe and other countries for understanding the nature of cosmic radiation3.5 Protons as an essential component of primary radiation? 4 New particles and links with cosmic radiation 4.1 The discovery of new particles and the links with the understanding of cosmic radiation4.2 The properties of the μ mesons4.3 The discovery of the pion4.4 The discovery of the neutron 5 The developments of the first techniques for the detection of cosmic radiation  5.1 Introduction5.2 From Wulf's electroscopes to automatic recording equipment5.3 Ionization chambers5.4 Proportional counters5.5 Wilson cloud chamber5.6 The Geiger-Müller counters5.7 Electronics and coincidence techniques5.8 Nuclear emulsions5.9 Detectors based on scintillators  6 The interaction of primary cosmics in the atmosphere6.1 The first evidence of nuclear interactions of cosmic rays6.2 Interactions in the atmosphere and first evidence of a complex primary radiation6.3 Production of other particles in nuclear interactions6.4 The role of high-altitude laboratories 7 Extensive air showers7.1 Secondary processes and local showers7.2 First evidence of the existence of extensive atmospheric showers7.3 An ""operational"" definition and the first properties of extensive air showers7.4 Towards a more complete description of the formation of extensive air showers7.5 The study of atmospheric showers since the 1940s7.6 The longitudinal development of an air shower7.7 The transverse development of an air shower7.8 The time profile of an air shower 8 The detection of extensive air showers 8.1 Direct and indirect methods8.2 Arrays of particle detectors8.3 Arrays based on the Cerenkov effect8.4 Fluorescence detectors8.5 Detection of radio waves associated with extended showers8.6 An example of reconstruction of extensive air showers in the 1950s8.7 Arrays for the reconstruction of extensive air showers  9 The primary cosmic radiation 9.1 Introduction9.2 The hadronic component and the energy spectrum9.3 The composition of the hadronic component9.4 Electrons and positrons9.5 Other components in the primary radiation9.6 The intensity of primary radiation at different altitudes9.7 Possible anisotropies in the primary radiation 10 The secondary cosmic radiation 10.1 Composition of the secondary radiation 10.2 Muons10.3 Electrons10.4 Gammas10.5 Charged hadrons10.6 Neutrons10.7 Nuclei 11 The influence of the Earth 11.1 Introduction11.2 The interaction with the atmosphere and meteorological effects11.3 Influence of the Earth's magnetic field11.4 Angular distribution of muons and East-West effect11.5 The latitude effect11.6 Other influences on the cosmic ray flux due to the Earth environment 12 The secondary cosmic radiation and the influence of the Sun12.1 Introduction12.2 Periodic phenomena in the Sun and solar cycles12.3 Modulation of the cosmic ray flux due to the Sun12.4 Forbush variations12.5 Other effects related to solar activity 13 Interaction of muons with matter  13.1 Introduction13.2 Energy loss of muons13.3 Range of muons in matter 13.4 Multiple scattering 14 Cosmic radiations underground, under water and under the ice  14.1 Introduction14.2 Measurements underground14.3 Measurements under water and under the ice  15 The origin of cosmic rays 15.1 Introduction15.2 Some historical considerations about the acceleration mechanisms and the origin of cosmic rays15.3 The Fermi acceleration mechanism15.4 The role of supernovae15.5 The high-energy extragalactic component 16 The impact of cosmic rays in applications and in daily life16.1 Introduction16.2 Production of radioactive isotopes by cosmics and dating techniques16.3 Cosmic ray dating outside the Earth16.4 The radiation dose produced by cosmic rays on Earth and in the solar system16.5 Electronics and the effect of cosmic radiation16.6 Muons and the origin of tomographic techniques16.7 Tomographic techniques based on the absorption of cosmic muons16.8 Muon tomography and scattering from materials with a high atomic number16.9 Imaging techniques based on the production of secondary particles16.10 Monitoring the stability of buildings by tracking cosmic muons16.11 Other possible applications of muon tomography16.12 The impact of cosmics on cloud formation16.13 Using extended atmospheric showers in time synchronization AppendicesA1. A calculation of the flux at the top of the Eiffel Tower due to soil radioactivityA2. The absorption coefficient in water and the directionality of cosmics. Millikan's calculation.A3. Geographic and geomagnetic latitudeA4. The magnetic rigidity of particlesA5. The energy loss of charged particles and the estimate of the muon massA6. List of high-altitude observation stations in the mid-1950sA7: An estimate of the particle density in an extensive air showerA8. The relationship between altitude and atmospheric depthA9. Gaisser-Hillas parameterization of the longitudinal profile of a showerA10. The thickness of air crossed by a particle in the atmosphereA11. Evaluation of the shower direction from the relative timing of several detectorsA12. Parameterizations of the muon spectrum at sea levelA12. The flux of underground muonsA13. Detection of bit-flip errors originated by cosmics"

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Author Information

Francesco Riggi has been full professor of Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Catania, Italy. He has been working in nuclear physics at low and high energy since 1974 and joined, at its inception, the ALICE Collaboration, a large experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider to study nuclear matter under extreme conditions. Within the ALICE Collaboration, he has contributed to the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter and the silicon pixel detector, investigating the production of multistrange particles, short-lived resonances and light (anti)nuclei. He has also been active in studying the physics of cosmic rays over the last 20 years, leading several projects concerning the use of cosmic muons in tomographic applications, and has served as a member of the educational project EEE, operating a wide network of cosmic ray telescopes. He is the author or the co-author of more than 600 scientific papers in all such areas and has contributed to various international conferences, as well as acting as a referee for various journals of nuclear and applied physics. He has also spent various periods abroad for research, in several European countries, the USA and Australia. As a professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy in Catania, he has taught several courses in general and nuclear physics for 40 years. He is also the co-author of a textbook in experimental physics.

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