Overview

This book presents a unique overview of all aspects of host defense alterations under stressful conditions. It is based on the most important contributions given at the 2nd International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock, and Sepsis-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches, which was held in Munich under the auspices of the most distinguished scientific societies involved in this field (Society of Critical Care Medicine, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Societe Internationale de Chirurgie, Surgical Infection Society, Surgical Infection Society Europe, European Society for Surgical Research, International Society for Burn Injury, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, and National Institutes of Health). Since the first conference of this kind in 1988, new information from basic studies and clinical trials has provided exciting and novel insights into the immune dysfunctions accom panying trauma, shock, and sepsis. The volume is divided into 18 parts presenting the structural background of trauma-induced alterations of immune and imflammatory mechanisms as well as the currently discussed therapeutic interventions designed to restore or maintain normal host defenses following major injury. Introducing the general theme of the book is a summary of the essential keystones of trauma and sepsis-related immune deficits. Discussions of the progress in trauma care brought through better understanding of the cell biology of injury and of the major clinical factors that influence host defense integrity in operative medicine provide a setting for understanding the wide array of detailed information that is presented thereafter.

Full Product Details

Author:   Eugen Faist ,  Jonathan L. Meakins ,  Friedrich W. Schildberg
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1993
ISBN:  

9783642774072

ISBN 10:   3642774075
Pages:   1296
Publication Date:   29 January 1994
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

Section 1 General Aspects/Perspectives.- Progress in Trauma Care Through Understanding the Cell Biology of Injury.- Trauma, Sepsis and Immune Defects.- Clinical Factors Influencing Host Defense Integrity.- The Intensive Care Unit of Tomorrow.- Section 2 Host Defense Integrity-Response and Stress.- How the Immune System Discriminates Infectious Nonself from Noninfectious Self.- Signal Transduction Mechanisms: Pathophysiologic Alterations.- Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immune Function.- Beneficial Effects of Stress Response Blockade on Patients Undergoing Surgery.- The Impact of Preexisting Disease Conditions for Host Defense Integrity in Traumatized and Critically Ill Patients.- Section 3 From Injury to Multiple Organ Failure: Sequential Steps of Host Defense Impairment.- 3.1 Shock and Ischemia.- Oxygen Radical-Mediated Endothelial Cell Injury.- Characteristics of Neutrophil Dysfunction.- Endothelial Dysfunction as an Early Critical Event in Ischemia and Shock.- Role of Oxidants, Proinflammatory Agents, and Granulocytes in the Post Ischemic Intestine.- Hepatic Parenchymal and Nonparenchymal Cells in Hemorrhage and Ischemia.- Acute Lung Injury Following Shock and Major Trauma.- Hemorrhage-Induced Alterations in Cell-Mediated Immune Function.- 3.2 Intermediate Inflammatory Phase.- Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure: The Result of Whole Body Inflammation.- Multiple Organ Failure (MOF), and Whole Body Inflammation After Multiple Trauma.- Neutrophils, Cytokines, Oxygen Radicals, and Lung Injury.- The Role of ?2- Leukocyte Integrins In Vivo.- The Angry Macrophage and Its Impact on Host Response Mechanisms.- Eicosanoids, Cytokines and Altered Metabolic Control in the Evolution of the Posttraumatic Host Defense Failure Syndromes (Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Failure Syndrome).- Diagnostic Role of New Mediators and Markers of Inflammation in Multiple Injured Patients.- Intravascular Activation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Critically Ill Anergic Patients.- Mediators of Remote Lung Injury.- 3.3 Sepsis.- Immunologic Dyshomeostasis in Multiple Organ Failure: The Gut-Liver Axis.- Tumor Necrosis Factor and Other Cytokines as Mediators of Clinical Sepsis.- The Protein C System in Septic Shock.- Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in Trauma and Sepsis.- Role of Oxygen Radicals in Multiple Organ Failure.- Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Endotoxemia and Sepsis: Therapeutic Approaches.- Section 4 Immune Mechanisms for the Control of Infection Under Physiologic and Stressful Conditions.- Biology and Function of Cytotoxic T-Cells.- Immune Response of Heat Shock Proteins.- Prostaglandins Mediate the Expression of a 72-kDa Heat Shock Protein in Human Fibroblasts.- Glucocorticoid-Immune System Interactions in Injury and Sepsis.- Hemorrhagic Shock Inhibits Myelopoiesis Independent of Bacterial Translocation.- Monocyte HLA-DR Antigen Expression: Its Reproducibility in Asymptomatic Volunteers and Correlation with Clinical Infection.- Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in a Defined Group of Polytrauma Patients.- Cell-Mediated Immunity During and After Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Alterations in Function and Phenotype of Monocytes from Patients with Septic Disease: Predictive Value and New Therapeutic Strategies.- Effects of Exercise on the Immune System with Special Reference to Natural Killer Cells.- Interaction of Immune, Interferon, and Opioid Systems in Professional Athletes.- Section 5 Inflammatory Mechanisms in Traumatic and Septic Injury.- White Cells in Burn Patients.- Fibronectin Degradation: An In Vitro Model of Neutrophil Mediated Endothelial Cell Damage.- Adenosine Inhibits Postischemic Leukocyte Adherence to the Endothelium of Postcapillary Venules via A2-Receptor.- Prostaglandin E1 Inhibits the Stimulation of Neutrophils In Vitro and In Vivo and Improves Cardio-Respiratory Functions in Multiply Traumatized Patients at Risk of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- Production and Characterization of Peptide-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies that Recognize a Neoepitope on Hog C5a.- The Oxidative Burst Reaction of Neutrophils is Reduced by the Acute Phase Serum Amyloid-A Protein.- Interaction of Pentoxifylline and Adenosine in the Inhibition of Superoxide Anion Production of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes.- Adhesive Interactions of Neutrophils with Endothelial Cells.- Endothelial Cell Stimulation by Anti-CD9 Antibodies.- Decrease in Leukotriene Synthesis from Leukocytes Isolated in Septic Patients.- Aggravation of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Striated Muscle Microcirculation by Acute Endotoxemia.- Selective Inhibition of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Oxidative Burst and CD11b/CD16 Expression by Prostaglandin E2.- The Role of Lysosomal Cysteine Proteinases as Markers of Macrophage Activation and as Nonspecific Mediators of Inflammation.- Endothelin Mediates a Ca2+ Activation Signal in Human Monocytes.- Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Sponge Matrix Allografts Coincides with the Initiation of the Allogeneic Response.- Neutrophil Elastase Induces Lung Injury Following Lower Limb Ischemia.- PMN Elastase in Local Infection.- Opioids from Immune Cells Interact with Receptors on Sensory Nerves to Inhibit Nociception in Inflammation.- Section 6 Hepatocellular Injury in Ischemia, Trauma and Sepsis.- An In Vitro Model of Hepatic Failure in Septic Shock.- Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Liver: Role of Neutrophils and Xanthine Oxidase.- Nitric Oxide Regulates Prostaglandin E2 Release by Rat Kupffer Cells.- C3a and C5a in Liver Transplantations During Bypass, Reperfusion and the Postoperative Phase.- Effect of Superoxide Dismutase on Altered Hepatic Calcium Regulation During Gramnegative Sepsis.- Role of Liver Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in Bacterial Cell Wall-Induced Hepatic Inflammation.- Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibits Hepatocyte Mitochondrial Respiration and Induces Release of Cytoplasmic Enzymes.- Modulation of Hepatic Mitochondrial Fat Oxidation and Hepatic Gene Transcription by Tumor Necrosis Factor.- Increased Leukocyte Adhesion in Liver Sinusoids Following Superior Mesenteric Artery Occlusion in the Rat.- Section 7 Cytokines and Modulation of Cytokine Action.- Gene Knockout: New Approach to the Physiology of Cytokines.- The Role of Interleukin-1 and Other Macrophage-Derived Cytokines in Macrophage-T-Cell Interactions.- Interleukin-1-Induced Hypotension and the Effect of an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist.- Interleukin-8 (Neutrophil-Activating Peptide-1) and Related Chemotactic Cytokines.- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms that Regulate the Production of Interleukin-8: The Potential Role of Chemotactic Cytokines in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Failure.- Generation and Properties of Neutrophil-Activating Peptide 2 (NAP-2).- Soluble and Cell Surface Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor.- Regulation of Cytokine Synthesis Through Cyclic Nucleotides.- Removal of Circulating Cytokines by Hemodialysis Membranes In Vitro.- Modulation of Monokine Production In Vitro by Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin.- Transforming Growth Factor ?1 Upregulates the Interleukin-2 Receptor ? Promoter.- Section 8 Cytokines in Acute Phase States and Trauma.- Interactions of Immunopathological Mediators (Tumor Necrosis Factor-?, -?, Prostaglandin E2) in Traumatized Individuals.- In Vitro Production and Secretion of Interleukin-1 by Human Monocytes After Surgical Trauma.- The Biological Characteristics of Cytokines and Their Interactions with Prostaglandins Following Hemorrhagic Shock.- The Response of Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery.- Possible Role of Cytokines in the Stress Response of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis During Upper Abdominal Surgery.- The Synthesis of Stress Proteins in Cultured Cardiac Myocytes Is Induced by the Interleukins and Tumor Necrosis Factor.- Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- Interleukin-2-Modulated Cytokine Secretion in Thermally Injured Patients.- Cytokine Treatment of Radiation-Induced Hemopoietic Suppression: Results of Interleukin-6 and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in a Murine Radiation Model.- Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor in Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease.- Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-? Suppress Hypoxia-Induced Production of Erythropoietin In Vitro.- Neopterin, Interferon-?, and Immunodeficiency States.- Systemic Cytokine Response to Strenuous Exercise.- Section 9 The Mediator Role of TNF in Sepsis.- Activation of Neutrophils by Tumor Necrosis Factor-? During Sepsis.- Distinct Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes Characterized by Absence of the CD14 Surface Marker, and Distinguished by High or Low Intracellular Glutathione.- The Role of Endotoxins in Burns: Anomalies in Cytokine Regulation of Immunity.- Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection and on Antitumor Activity in Relation to Arachidonic Cascade.- Survival from Cecal Ligation and Puncture and the Formation of Fibrous Adhesions in the Peritoneal Cavity Depend on Endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor.- The Cellular Mechanisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Mortality: A Possible Role for Platelet Activating Factor and/or the Eicosanoids.- Section 10 Endotoxin-Mechanisms of Action and Protection from Shock.- Molecular Mechanisms of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production by Monocytes.- Natural Endotoxic Shock Protection by Soluble CD14.- Use of Monophosphoryl Lipid A as a Prohylactic for Sepsis and Shock.- Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Response to Treatment with On-Line Adsorption on Polymyxin B During Endotoxemia in Pigs.- Apolipoprotein A-I Enriched Lipoprotein Attenuates Tumor Necrosis Factor Production and Shock in an Anesthetized Rabbit Endotoxemia Model.- Escherichia Coli-Induced Septic Shock in the Baboon: An Animal Model for the Evaluation of Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies to Phospholipase A2.- Leukotriene Inhibitor and Antagonist Prevent Endotoxin Lethality in Carrageenan-Pretreated Mice.- Effect of Type-Specific Antiserum on the Pulmonary Hypertensive Response to Group B Streptococcus in Piglets.- Detection of IgE Reactive with Lipopolysaccharide in Plasma of Traumatically Injured Patients.- Altered Guanine Nucleotide Protein Function: Potential Role in Endotoxin Tolerance.- Section 11 Clinical Aspects of Multiple Organ Failure.- The Pattern of Organ Failure Following Severe Trauma-A Postmortem Study.- Hypertonic Volume Therapy: A Feasible Regimen to Contribute to the Prevention of Multiple Organ Failure?.- A New Sepsis Scale for Burns: Correlation with Endotoxin and Host Response.- Multiple Organ Failure: Clinical Characteristics of Gut-Origin Septic States.- Intraperitoneal Infections and Multiple Organ Failure.- The Role of Empirical Laparotomy in the Management of Sepsis and Multisystem Organ Failure.- Management of the Wound as Therapy for Multiple Organ Failure.- Aggressive Enteral Nutrition Reduces Sepsis in the Hypercatabolic Injured Patient.- Clinical-Mediator Correlations of Multiple Organ Failure and Preventive/Therapeutic Strategies: To Block Stimulate or Replace? That is the Question.- Section 12 The Pathophysiologic Impact of Bacterial Translocation and Strategies for Its Prevention.- Bacterial Translocation Following Major Thermal Injury in Rats, Sheep, and Mini-Pigs.- Does Early Portal Bacteremia/Endotoxemia Prime for Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure?.- Prevention of Bacterial Translocation with Early Enteral Feeding-A Feasible Approach?.- Gut-Derived Infectious-Toxic Shock Syndrome: Therapeutic Chances with Polyspecific Immunoglobulins.- Maintenance of Gastrointestinal Integrity After Burn Injury with Specific Dietary Supplementation and Epidermal Growth Factor.- Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract: Open Questions and Controversies.- Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract (SDD): Review of Available Clinical Studies.- Nonselective Gut Decontamination for Avoidance of Bacterial Translocation in Shock.- Section 13 Antibiotic Interactions with Host Defenses.- Antibiotics and Phagocytic Cell Function: A Critical Review.- Interaction of Antibiotics with the Phagocyte Oxidative Burst.- Intraphagocytic Cell Penetration and Intracellular Bioactivity of Antibiotics.- Extraphagocytic Killing of Bacteria in the Presence of Antibiotics.- Cell Wall Inhibitors and Bacterial Susceptibility to Phagocytosis.- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Bacterial Susceptibility to Phagocytosis.- Section 14 The Role of Nutrition in Host Defense.- Augmentation of Host Defense Reactivity with Special Nutrients.- The Role of Structured Lipids in Host Defense Interactions.- Manipulation of Cytokine Synthesis Through Dietary Lipids.- Dietary Fish Oil Prevents Postischemic Leukocyte/Endothelium Interaction Through Inhibition of Leukotriene Biosynthesis.- Dietary Requirement for Preformed Purine and Pyrimidine Bases for Intact Function of Cellular Immune Response: A Review.- Relationship of Plasma Acute-Phase Protein to Amino Acid Levels During High-Dose Branched Chain Amino Acid Support in Sepsis.- Section 15 New Insights into the Mechanisms of Wound Healing.- Wound Management and the Stress Response.- The Role of the Wound in Posttraumatic Immune Dysfunction.- The Role of Growth Factors in the Regulation of Wound Repair.- An Adverse Wound Environment Reduces Leukocyte Phagocytosis and Protein Synthesis.- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibits the Release of Oxygen Radicals by Human Granulocytes.- The Influence of Liver Regeneration on Skin Wound Healing and Lymphocyte Growth Features.- Section 16 Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Approaches: Prevention.- Therapy of Secondary T-Cell Immunodeficiencies with Biological Substances and Drugs: An Update.- Progress in Antiinfective Perioperative Immunomodulatory Therapy with Simultaneous Administration of Blocking and Enhancing Agents.- Effect of Immunomodulation of Skin Test Reactivity Following Trauma.- Therapeutic Use of Cytokines: Animal Models.- The Rationale for Gamma-Interferon Administration in Trauma Patients.- Immunomodulators of the Thermal Injury Response.- Section 17 Endotoxin Neutralization with IV-Immunoglobulins and Monoclonal Antiendotoxin Antibodies.- Antiendotoxic Therapy with Polyclonal and Polyvalent Immunoglobulins: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.- The Use of Polyvalent Immunoglobulin G in Patients with Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure.- Clinical Effects of Immunoglobulin Administration in Patients with Major Burn Injury.- Treatment of Gram-Negative Septic Toxic Diseases with an Immunoglobulin Preparation Containing IgG, IgM, and IgA: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.- Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Passive Immunization Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.- Binding Characteristics of the Antiendotoxin Antibody Xomen-E5 to Bacterial Whole-Cell Antigens.- Immunotherapy with Human Antiendotoxin Antibodies in the Treatment of Gram-Negative Sepsis: Practical Considerations.- The Use of Antibody Specificity and Affinity in Determining the Protectiveness of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Fatal Infections with Nosocomial Gram-Negative Bacteria.- Section 18 Interventional Strategies in the Therapy of Septic Shock.- Potential Benefits of Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Antagonists in Endotoxemia/Sepsis.- Phospholipase A2: A New Target for Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Sepsis.- Administration of Antiadhesion Molecules: A Feasible Approach?.- Local Administration of Interleukin-2 Protects Mice from Lethal Intra-Abdominal Bacterial Sepsis.- Murine Intraabdominal Abscess: Immune Modulation with Interferon-?.- Acute Resuscitation and Antioxidant Therapy.- Clinical Indications for the Administration of Oxygen Radical Scavengers.- First Experiences with Recombinant Human Superoxide Dismutase Therapy in Polytraumatized Patients.

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