Overview

Accelerate your understanding of modern energy storage with this one-stop resource that provides a comprehensive guide to the basics, materials, and recent advancements in high-efficiency supercapacitor technology. The increasing population, environmental pollution, and growing demand for energy underscores the importance of highly efficient energy storage devices. Supercapacitors, often referred to as ultracapacitors, have emerged as a pivotal technology in the realm of energy storage. Increasing demand for supercapacitors arises from the high energy density required by various modern applications like electric vehicles, UPS systems, wind turbines, space vehicles, regenerative braking, load leveling systems, etc. The above-mentioned applications require an improvement in working voltage (by preventing/reducing reaction between electrode and electrolyte surface), specific capacitance, and energy density (by increasing the surface area, addition of transition metal oxides/conducting polymers, etc.) of the existing supercapacitors. Global research is directed towards blending the high energy density of batteries with the high-power density of traditional capacitors, thereby enabling the supercapacitors to be ideal for applications demanding rapid charge and discharge cycles, high power output, and long cycle life. This book is designed to cover the basics of supercapacitors and provide a current account of the recent advances in this field. It provides the basics of various materials, different stages of growth in this field, and recent developments, making it a one-stop resource for understanding and advancing the field of supercapacitor technology. Readers will find in the volume; A detailed explanation of the electrochemical processes and energy storage mechanisms in supercapacitors, with a detailed introduction to supercapacitors; A comprehensive review of various electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and conducting polymers; A detailed discussion on different electrolyte types (aqueous, organic, and ionic liquids) and their impact on supercapacitor performance; An exploration of the design considerations and manufacturing techniques for supercapacitors. Audience The book will be a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals involved in various fields, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and grid storage.

Full Product Details

Author:   C. Sarathchandran (Amrita School of Engineering, India) ,  S. A. Ilangovan (Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, India) ,  Sabu Thomas (Mahatma Gandhi University, India) ,  Sabu Thomas (Mahatma Gandhi University)
Publisher:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Imprint:   Wiley-Scrivener
Weight:   0.666kg
ISBN:  

9781119901037

ISBN 10:   1119901030
Pages:   640
Publication Date:   19 January 2026
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Preface xv 1 Introduction to Supercapacitors 1 Shebin Stephen, S. A. Ilangovan, Sujatha S., Bibin John, Ajeesh K. S. and C. Sarathchandran 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conclusion 8 1.3 Acknowledgement 8 References 8 2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 11 Phuoc Anh Le 2.1 Introduction to Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors 11 2.2 General Principles and Related Theories 12 2.3 Designing of Electric Double-Layer-Based Supercapacitors 15 2.3.1 Current Collector 16 2.3.2 Electrodes 17 2.3.3 Electrolyte 17 2.3.4 Separator 17 2.4 Applications 17 2.4.1 Power Electronics Systems 18 2.4.2 Vehicles 18 2.4.3 Renewable Energy 18 2.5 Recent Developments 18 2.5.1 Carbon-Based Electrode for EDLCs 19 2.5.2 Other Carbon Materials 23 2.6 Conclusions 24 References 25 3 Electrochemical Supercapacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance 35 Renu Dhahiya, Dinesh, Mukul Gupta, Parasmani Rajput, Pankaj Sharma and Ashok Kumar 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Theory of Pseudocapacitance 37 3.3 Design and Fabrication of Pseudocapacitors 39 3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides Intercalation 40 3.3.2 Nanostructuring to Achieve Pseudocapacitance 41 3.3.3 MXenes 43 3.3.4 Carbon-Based Material 43 3.4 Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery in Pseudocapacitors 43 3.4.1 Methods for Reducing Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery 44 3.4.2 Tuning the Separator 46 3.4.3 Modulating the Electrolyte 46 3.5 Recent Advances in Pseudocapacitors 47 3.5.1 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Pseudocapacitor 47 3.5.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Pseudocapacitance 48 3.5.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Pseudocapacitance 49 3.5.4 MXenes-Based Pseudocapacitance 49 3.5.5 Material Design Strategies for Pseudocapacitance 50 3.6 Application 53 3.6.1 Automobiles and Transport 54 3.6.2 Defense and Military 54 3.6.3 Computers and Memory Backup Chips 54 3.6.4 Medical and Industry 54 3.7 Future Trends 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 4 Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 65 Deeksha Nagpal, Anup Singh, Ajay Vasishth, Subha Pratihar, Ashok Kumar and Shyam Sundar Pattnaik 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Mechanism of Charge Storage in Carbon-Based Materials 67 4.2.1 Charge Storage in Porous Carbon 69 4.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials 70 4.3.1 Distinctive Self-Discharge Methods 72 4.4 Carbon-Derived from Various Sources and their Performance Evaluations 74 4.4.1 Performance Evaluation of Carbon Derived Biomass Waste 74 4.4.2 Carbon Derived from Other Industrial Waste 77 4.4.3 Tire Waste 77 4.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications of Carbon-Based Material for Supercapacitors 78 4.5.1 Template Carbon Gel 78 4.5.2 Carbon-Based Materials and Its Composites 79 References 80 5 Porous Activated Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 91 Surendra K. Martha, Sadananda Muduli and Tapan K. Pani 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Charge Storage Mechanism in Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors 93 5.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials 100 5.4 Carbon Derived from Various Sources and Their Performance Evaluation 104 5.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications 118 Acknowledgements 119 References 120 6 Biomass-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 129 Debajani Tripathy, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya and Srikanta Moharana 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 Overview of Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials 132 6.3 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanostructure Materials 133 6.4 Synthetic Approach for Biomass-Derived Carbon 134 6.4.1 Graphene 134 6.4.2 Carbon Nanotube 135 6.4.3 Carbon Onion 136 6.4.4 Carbon Sphere 137 6.5 Surface Alternation of Carbon Nanostructured Materials 137 6.6 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems 141 6.6.1 Electrocatalysis Applications 141 6.6.2 Supercapacitor Application 143 6.6.3 Rechargeable Batteries 148 6.6.4 Solar Cell 151 6.6.5 Organic Solar Cells 153 6.7 Future Challenges 154 6.8 Conclusions 155 Acknowledgments 155 References 155 7 Carbon Nanotube as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors 161 Sanjeev Verma, Tapas Das, Shivani Verma, Vikas Kumar Pandey, Saurabh Kumar Pandey, Juhi Singh and Bhawna Verma 7.1 Introduction 162 7.2 CNT (Carbon Nanotube) 162 7.3 Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotube 164 7.4 Summary 168 References 169 8 Graphene-Based Polymeric Composites with Potential Applications in Supercapacitors 175 Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya, Debajani Tripathy and Srikanta Moharana 8.1 Introduction 176 8.2 Overview of Graphene-Polymer Composites 178 8.2.1 Electrical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composite 180 8.2.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 182 8.3 Supercapacitors 183 8.3.1 Electro-Chemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 185 8.3.2 Pseudo-Capacitors 186 8.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors 186 8.4 Graphene-Based Different Polymeric Composites 187 8.5 Graphene-Based Fluoropolymer Composites for SCs 187 8.6 Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for SCs 191 8.7 Conclusions 194 Acknowledgments 194 References 195 9 Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 203 Vikas Kumar Pandey and Bhawna Verma Introduction 203 Conclusion and Outlook 212 References 212 10 Metal Oxides and Their Role in Pseudocapacitors 219 Rutuja A. Chavan and Anil V. Ghule Summary 219 10.1 General Introduction 220 10.2 Role of Metal Oxides 224 10.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides Explored in Supercapacitors 225 10.4 Performance Evaluation 226 10.4.1 RuO2 226 10.4.2 MnO2 229 10.4.3 NiO233 10.4.4 Co3O4 236 10.4.5 V2O5 239 10.4.6 IrO2 240 10.5 Future Scope 242 References 244 11 Advances in Design and Application of Nanostructured TMOs and Their Composites for High‑Performance Supercapacitors 255 Sheng Qiang Zheng, Siew Shee Lim, Maxine Swee-Li Yee, Chuan Yi Foo, Choon Yian Haw, Wee Siong Chiu, Chin Hua Chia and Poi Sim Khiew 11.1 Introduction 256 11.2 Electrochemical Role of Metal Oxides 260 11.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides as Electrode Materials 264 11.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors 264 11.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 265 11.3.1.2 Binary Metal Oxides 268 11.3.1.3 Ternary Metal Oxides 270 11.3.1.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Decorated Metal Oxides 272 11.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Porous Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications 274 11.3.2.1 MOF-Derived Metal Oxides 274 11.3.2.2 MOF-Derived Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 277 11.4 Performance Parameters of Electrochemical Capacitors 281 11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 284 Acknowledgement 286 References 286 12 Ceramic Oxide Based Supercapacitors 295 Thangavelu Kokulnathan, Sabarison Pandiyarajan, Balasubramanian Sriram and Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj Introduction 296 Metal Oxide Ceramics 296 Vanadium Oxide 300 Manganese Oxide 301 Iron Oxide 303 Cobalt Oxide 304 Nickel Oxide 305 Aluminum Oxide 305 Spinel Oxide Ceramics 307 Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramic 309 Past, Current, and Future Progress 310 References 312 13 Conductive Polymers and Composites for Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope 325 Silki Sardana, A.S. Maan and Anil Ohlan 13.1 Introduction 325 13.2 CPs for Supercapacitors 328 13.3 CP-Based Composites for Supercapacitors 332 13.4 Recent Trends on CP-Based Supercapacitors 334 13.4.1 CP/2D Material-Based Composite 334 13.4.2 3D CP Hydrogels for Supercapacitors 334 13.5 CP-Based Flexible Supercapacitors 339 13.6 Future Scope of CP-Based Supercapacitors 342 13.7 Conclusions 342 References 343 14 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 351 Himadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Elango Balaji T., Payaswini Das and Nigamananda Das 14.1 Introduction 352 14.2 Different Carbon Materials as Electrodes in Supercapacitors 353 14.3 g-C3N4  as Electrode Material in Supercapacitor 355 14.4 g-C3N4  Composites and Their Use as Supercapacitors 358 14.5 Future Prospects 362 14.6 Conclusion 363 References 364 15 Introduction to MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 371 Selcan Karakuş and Razium Ali Soomro 15.1 Introduction 372 15.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 2D MXenes 374 15.3 MXene-Based Supercapacitors 378 15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 381 References 382 16 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 387 Mayank K. Singh, Sarathkumar Krishnan and Dhirendra K. Rai 16.1 Introduction 388 16.2 Synthesis Technique 390 16.2.1 Top-Down Approach 390 16.2.1.1 HF Etching 390 16.2.1.2 Hydroflouride Salt Etching 391 16.2.1.3 Alkali Etching 392 16.2.1.4 Electrochemical Etching 392 16.3 Bottom-Up Techniques 393 16.4 Properties of MXenes 393 16.4.1 Electrical Properties 393 16.4.2 Mechanical Properties 393 16.4.3 Chemical Stability 394 16.5 MXenes and Its Composites 395 16.5.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism 396 16.5.2 Bare MXenes as Supercapacitors 397 16.5.3 MXenes – Carbonaceous Composite as Supercapacitors 399 16.5.4 MXenes with Polymers 400 16.5.5 MXenes and Transition Metal Sulfides 402 16.5.6 MXenes-Metal Oxides-Based Supercapacitors 403 16.6 MXenes in Various Electrolytes 403 16.6.1 Basics and Neutral Electrolyte 403 16.6.2 Acidic Electrolyte 404 16.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 404 Acknowledgment 405 References 405 17 Hybrid Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope 415 Basudeba Maharana, Rajan Jha and Shyamal Chatterjee 17.1 Introduction 416 17.2 Types of Hybrid Supercapacitors 417 17.3 Components of Hybrid Supercapacitors 419 17.3.1 Electrode Materials 420 17.3.2 Electrolytes 421 17.3.3 Separator 422 17.3.4 Current Collector 422 17.3.5 Sealants 423 17.4 Recent Trends in HSCs 423 17.4.1 Composite Hybrids 424 17.4.2 Asymmetric Hybrids 424 17.4.3 Battery Supercapacitor Hybrids 425 17.4.4 Modern Trends 427 17.4.5 Supercapattery 429 17.5 Future Scopes and Challenges 431 17.5.1 Designing Electrode Materials 434 17.5.2 Resistance Issues in the Device 434 17.6 Conclusions 435 References 436 18 Electrolytes and Their Role in Supercapacitor Technology 445 Dipanwita Majumdar, Padma Sharma and Niki Sweta Jha 18.1 Introduction 446 18.1.1 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance 446 18.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte? 448 18.1.3 Performance Controlling Parameters of the Electrolytes for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors 449 18.2 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors 450 18.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes 450 18.2.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 451 18.2.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes 458 18.2.2 Solid and Quasi-Solid–Type Electrolytes 467 18.2.3 Redox-Active Electrolytes 472 18.3 Conclusions and Outlooks 476 Acknowledgments 479 References 479 19 Designing Supercapacitors and Supercapacitor Materials by Counting Ions 497 Shrisudersan Jayaraman 19.1 Introduction 498 19.2 Theoretical Framework 499 19.2.1 The Importance of Electrolyte Conductivity at Charged State 499 19.2.2 The Importance of Volumetric Specific Capacitance 501 19.2.3 Relationship Between the Device Capacitance and Volumetric Specific Capacitance of the Electrode 502 19.2.4 Electrolyte Utilization Factor 503 19.2.5 Critical Operating Conditions 509 19.2.6 Electrolyte Concentration at the Charged State 513 19.2.7 Electrolyte Conductivity at the Charged State 515 19.2.8 Counter-Ion Adsorption with Desolvated Ions in the Pores 517 19.2.9 Ion Exchange as the Primary Charging Mechanism with Desolvated Ions in the Pores 520 19.2.10 Connecting Theory and Practical Device Performance 522 19.2.11 Jelly Roll Characteristics and Electrolyte Saturation Volume 523 19.2.12 Excess Electrolyte Volume 527 19.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 528 19.3.1 Constant Current Discharge 528 19.3.2 Constant Power Discharging 531 19.4 Conclusions and Summary 534 19.5 Appendix: Experimental Details 537 19.5.1 Electrolyte 537 19.5.2 Supercapacitor Devices 537 19.5.3 Electrochemical Testing 538 Acknowledgement 539 References 539 20 Global Market, Applications, and Leading Suppliers for Supercapacitors: An Introduction 543 Shebin Stephen George and C. Sarathchandran 20.1 Introduction to the Global Market of Supercapacitors 543 20.2 Applications of Supercapacitors 545 20.2.1 Recycling of Supercapacitors 547 20.3 Safety Issues Associated with Supercapacitors 549 20.4 Conclusion 549 References 550 21 Applications of Supercapacitor 553 Raunak Pandey, Santhosh G., Sarvajith Malali Sudhakara, Nannan Wang and Santosh K. Tiwari 21.1 Introduction 554 21.2 Energy-Harvesting Sources 555 21.2.1 Vibration or Mechanical Energy Harvesting 556 21.2.2 Ocean Wave Energy 556 21.2.3 Radiofrequency 557 21.2.4 Solar Energy 557 21.2.5 Wind Energy 557 21.3 Applications of Supercapacitors 559 21.3.1 Electronics 559 21.3.2 Energy Buffers 560 21.3.3 Microgrids 561 21.3.4 Consumer Electronics 565 21.3.5 Mechanical Tools 567 21.3.6 Flashlights 568 21.3.7 Internet of Things 569 21.3.8 Wearable Electronics 573 21.3.9 Static Memories 576 21.4 Transport 576 21.4.1 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles 577 21.4.2 Energy Recovery and Management in EVs 581 21.4.3 Regenerative Braking 583 21.5 Medical 586 21.6 Industrial 589 21.7 Military 591 21.8 Conclusion 593 Bibliography 593 Index 611

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Author Information

C. Sarathchandran, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Science, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. His doctoral thesis centered around the development of epoxy resin poly- (trimethylene terephthalate) based blend systems for aerospace applications. His research interests include the development of supercapacitors, batteries, and aerogels for various applications. S. A. Ilangovan, PhD is the Deputy Director at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, with more than 20 years of research experience in supercapacitors and batteries. He has published more than 20 research articles, ten patents, and one book. Sabu Thomas, PhD is the former Vice-Chancellor at Mahatma Gandhi University, and currently at the International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, as well as the Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. He has published more than 80 books, 750 research articles, and several patents.

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