Overview

Sex ratio, the proportion of a progeny that is female, is an extremely important fitness trait. It is particularly interesting in relation to haplodiploidy, a variety of parthenogenesis in which organisms reproduce without the benefit of fertilization. ""Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio"" arrives at several important conclusions drawn from new empirical studies: that biased sex ratios are characteristic of haplodiploid species; that these species are characteristically colonizing species with genetics suited both to spatially and temporally unpredictable environments; that manipulation of haplodiploid biological control agents, or pests that are to be controlled, depends on understanding the determinants of sex ratio; and that because evolutionary theory predicts that haplodiploids have the capacity to evolve faster than diploid organisms, haplodiploid species are the organisms of choice in biological control strategies. An extensive collection of data is included in this book to support authors' assertions. This book should be of interest to scientists working in applied entomology, researchers and graduate students interested in evolutionary biology, genetics and evolution.

Full Product Details

Author:   Dana Wrensch ,  Mercedes A. Ebbert
Publisher:   Chapman and Hall
Imprint:   Chapman and Hall
Dimensions:   Width: 15.20cm , Height: 3.30cm , Length: 22.90cm
Weight:   1.020kg
ISBN:  

9780412022210

ISBN 10:   0412022214
Pages:   634
Publication Date:   30 June 1993
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Undergraduate ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

1. Phylogenetic Perspectives on Genetic Systems and Reproductive Modes of Mites.- Phylogeny and genetic systems of Parasitiformes.- Phylogeny and genetic systems of Acariformes.- Phylogenetic patterns in the distribution of thelytoky.- Patterns and ecological correlates of genetic systems in mites.- Patterns and ecological correlates of thelytoky in mites.- Summary and conclusions.- 2. Patterns of Reproduction in Insects.- The normal reproduction of insects.- Patterns of reproduction out of the ordinary.- 3. Evolutionary Flexibility Through Haploid Males or How Chance Favors the Prepared Genome.- A restrictive elaboration of Hamilton's extreme biofacies.- Restricted biofacies of adaptive sex ratio regulation by haploid males.- Sex ratio control: the fertilization strategy that maximizes daughters.- An alternative model for the evolution of sex ratio regulation.- Haven't we underrated the haploid male?.- Summary of the New ESSNET hypotheses: The rm*Smmodel.- 4. Endosymbiotic Sex Ratio Distorters in Insects and Mites.- Definition and documentation of endosymbiotic sex ratio distorters.- Male-lethal infections.- Incompatibility infections.- Conversion infections.- Bimodal transmission of distorter infections.- Coevolutionary selection on endosymbiont-driven sex ratio.- Conclusion.- 5. Evolution of Sex Determination and Sex Ratio within the Mite Cohort Tarsonemina (Acari: Heterostigmata).- Evolution of mode of reproduction.- Evolution of sex ratio.- 6. Sex Allocation Ratio Selection in Thysanoptera.- Measuring sex ratio and sex allocation in Thysanoptera.- Four biofacies of thrips sex allocation.- Ecology, social behavior, and sex allocation in thrips.- 7. Ecology and Evolution of Biased Sex Ratios in Bark and Ambrosia Beetles.- The natural history of inbreeding in Scolytidae.- Biogeographic patterns of inbreeding Scolytidae.- The evolution of close inbreeding in Scolytidae.- Sex ratios of inbreeding Scolytidae.- Other biased sex ratios.- Summary.- 8. Evolution of Sex Ratio Variation in Aphids.- Sex, non sex, and sex allocation in aphid life cycles.- Sex determination and the development of the sex ratio phenotype.- Selection on the sex ratio in aphids.- Fisherian Systems.- Systems with variation in local conditions.- Systems with population subdivision.- Potential for sex allocation investigations in aphids.- 9. Sex Allocation in Social Insects: Problems in Prediction and Estimation.- The central place of social insects in sex allocation studies.- Estimation.- Inclusive fitness.- Population interactions.- Intercolony variation.- Where to from here? How to evaluate the relative importance of the various factors affecting sex allocation?.- 10. Male Parentage and Sexual Deception in the Social Hymenoptera.- Inclusive fitness and colony social systems.- Sexual deception with monogyny and monandry.- Evidence and conclusions.- Summary.- 11. Sex Ratio and Virginity in Haplodiploid Insects.- Will virgin females reproduce?.- Evidence for unmated oviposition.- Some ramifications.- 12. Sex Ratio Manipulation by Parasitoid Wasps.- Sex ratio manipulation models.- Empirical support.- Limitations on sex ratio manipulation.- Summary.- 13. Sex Determination and Sex Ratio Patterns in Parasitic Hymenoptera.- Modes of reproduction.- Sex determination.- Causes and consequences of thelytoky.- Sex-ratio-distorting factors.- Sex allocation.- Sex allocation in structured mating systems.- Genetic variation for sex ratio.- Sex allocation and variation in fitness.- Conclusion.- 14. Sex Ratio Evolution in Parasitic Wasps.- Conclusions.- 15. Sex Allocation and Pseudoarrhenotoky in Phytoseiid Mites.- Paternal genome loss in males: evidence and phylogenetic distribution systems.- Selective advantages of uniparental male.- Sex allocation in phytoseiid mites.- Discussion 53116. Alteration of Sex Ratios of Parasitoids for Use in Biological Control.- Classical biological control.- Augmentative biological control.- Applications.- 17. Quantitative Genetics Applied to Haplodiploid Insects and Mites.- Basic concepts.- Genetic similarity between relatives.- Estimating heritability.- Response to selection.- Conclusion.- Author Index.- Taxonomic Index.

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