Overview

The process of cure of thermosets is rather complex, and good knowledge of the various steps and different problems is necessary for the user. For instance, the following basic facts characterise the cure of thermosets: 1. In the same way as rubbers, thermosets are generally polymerised and processed in a simple operation which involves the irreversible transformation of a low molecular weight resin in viscous liquid state into a solid network polymer. The process of cure is thus much more important for thermosets or rubbers than for thermo­ plastics, because if something goes wrong during the cure process of thermosets, the final products may have undersirable properties and will be of no use or value, while the thermoplastic material can be melted again to make a new material. 2. In contrast with rubbers, a high exothermic cure reaction is the aspect of fundamental importance in the cure process for thermo­ sets. This high enthalpy of cure associated with a rather low thermal conductivity can give rise to an excessively high tem­ perature which may cause discoloration and degradation of the material, and also to substantial temperature gradients. The mat­ erial is thus heterogeneous during the process of cure, and these temperature-time histories in the resin may have some effects on the properties of the final material. 3. Moreover, the increase in production following the reduction in time of the cure cycle necessitates the use of a higher mould temperature.

Full Product Details

Author:   Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ,  Jean Bouzon
Publisher:   Springer London Ltd
Imprint:   Springer London Ltd
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992
Dimensions:   Width: 17.00cm , Height: 2.10cm , Length: 24.20cm
Weight:   0.700kg
ISBN:  

9781447119173

ISBN 10:   1447119177
Pages:   382
Publication Date:   01 December 2011
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
We will order this item for you from a manufactured on demand supplier.

Table of Contents

1 Principles and General Equations.- 1.1 Modes of Heat Transmission.- 1.1.1 Conduction.- 1.1.2 Convection (Natural or Forced).- 1.1.3 Radiation.- 1.2 General Laws of Heat Transmission.- 1.2.1 Conduction (Unsteady and Steady State).- 1.2.2 Convection.- 1.2.3 Radiation.- 1.3 Equations of Heat Conduction in Isotropic Solids.- 1.3.1 Sheet.- 1.3.2 Parallelepiped.- 1.3.3 Sphere.- 1.3.4 Cylinder (Infinite or Finite Length).- 1.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions.- 1.4.1 Initial Conditions.- 1.4.2 Boundary or Surface Conditions.- 1.5 General Equation of Cure Reaction.- 1.5.1 Studies of Cure Reaction by Calorimetry.- 1.5.2 Expression of the Kinetics of Reaction.- 1.6 General Equation for Heat Transfer with Internal Reaction.- 2 Methods of Solution of Equations of Heat Conduction with Constant Thermal Parameters and Without Reaction.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Separation of Variables.- 2.3 Reflection and Superposition.- 2.3.1 Thin Plane Source.- 2.3.2 Reflection at a Boundary.- 2.3.3 Heat Located in a Semi-infinite Medium.- 2.3.4 Heat Located in a Sheet.- 2.4 Laplace Transform.- 2.4.1 Principle.- 2.4.2 Heat Conduction Through a Semi-infinite Medium.- 3 Heat Conduction in a Plane Sheet.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Non-steady Conduction with Very High Coefficient of Surface Heat Transfer.- 3.2.1 Sheet with Uniform Initial Temperature and Constant Surface Temperatures 0 < x < L.- 3.2.2 Sheet with Initial Temperature f(x) and Different Constant Surface Temperatures.- 3.2.3 Sheet Immersed in a Well-Stirred Fluid of Finite Volume.- 3.2.4 Sandwich Material Immersed in a Well-Stirred Fluid of Infinite Volume.- 3.3 Non-steady Conduction with a Finite Coefficient of Surface Heat Transfer.- 3.4 Steady Conduction.- 3.4.1 Given Temperatures at the Two External Surfaces.- 3.4.2 Finite Coefficient of Surface Heat Transfer.- 3.4.3 Thermal Conductivity a Function of Temperature.- 4 Heat Conduction in a Sphere.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 General Equation.- 4.1.2 Case of Radial Conduction.- 4.2 Non-steady Conduction with Very High Coefficient of Surface Heat Transfer.- 4.2.1 Sphere with Uniform Initial Temperature and Constant Surface Temperature.- 4.2.2 Sphere in Contact with a Well-Stirred Fluid of Finite Volume.- 4.3 Non-steady Conduction with Finite Coefficient of Surface Heat Transfer.- 4.4 Steady Radial Conduction Within a Hollow Sphere with Constant Temperature at Each Surface.- 5 Heat Conduction in a Cylinder.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.1.1 Case of a Circular Cylinder of Infinite Length.- 5.2 Non-Steady Conduction in a Solid Cylinder of Infinite Length.- 5.2.1 Constant Initial Temperature in the Cylinder and Constant Surface Temperature.- 5.2.2 Conduction in a Strongly Stirred Fluid of Limited Volume (Very High Coefficient of Surface Convection).- 5.2.3 Convection in a Slightly Stirred Fluid of Infinite Volume (Finite Coefficient of Surface Convection).- 5.3 Non-Steady Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder of Infinite Length.- 5.3.1 Surfaces Maintained at the Same Constant Temperature.- 5.3.2 Surfaces Maintained at Different Constant Temperatures.- 5.4 Steady Radial Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder of Infinite Length.- 5.4.1 Given Constant Temperatures at Each Surface.- 5 4 2 Infinite Coefficient of Convection at Internal Surface and Finite Coefficient at External Surface.- 5.5 Non-Steady Conduction in a Cylinder of Finite Length with a Constant Temperature at the Surface (Infinite Coefficient of Surface Convection).- 6 Heat Conduction in a Rectangular Parallelepiped.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Non-Steady Conduction in a Rectangular Parallelepiped with a Uniform Initial Temperature.- 6 2 1 Infinite Coefficient of Surface Convection.- 6.2.2 Finite Coefficient of Surface Convection.- 7 Numerical Analysis for a Plane Sheet. One-Dimensional Heat Transfer and Cure Reaction.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 No Reaction, Constant Thermal Parameters.- 7.2.1 Within the Sheet.- 7.2.2 On the Surfaces of the Sheet.- 7.2.3 Amount of Heat Transferred.- 7.3 No Reaction, Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 7.3.1 Within the Sheet.- 7.3.2 On the Surfaces of the Sheet.- 7.3.3 Calculation of Thermal Parameters.- 7.3.4 Amount of Heat Transferred,.- 7.4 Heat Evolved from Reaction.- 7.4.1 Apparent Order of Reaction Different from One.- 7.4.2 Apparent Order of Reaction Equal to One.- 7.5 Heat Transfer and Reaction Heat.- 7.5.1 Constant Thermal Parameters.- 7.5.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 8 Numerical Analysis for a Cylinder.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Solid Cylinder of Infinite Length with Radial Heat Transfer, with or Without Internal Reaction, with Constant Thermal Parameters.- 8.2.1 Within the Cylinder.- 8.2.2 On the Surface.- 8.2.3 Stability of Calculations.- 8.3 Solid Cylinder of Infinite Length with Radial Heat Transfer, with or Without Internal Reaction, with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 8.3.1 Within the Cylinder.- 8.3.2 On the Surface.- 8.4 Solid Cylinder of Finite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Constant Thermal Parameters.- 8.4.1 Within the Cylinder.- 8.4.2 Given Temperature on the Surface.- 8.4.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at the Surface.- 8.5 Solid Cylinder of Finite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 8.5.1 Within the Cylinder.- 8.5.2 Given Temperature on the Surface.- 8.5.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at the Surface.- 8.6 Hollow Cylinder of Infinite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Constant Thermal Parameters.- 8.6.1 Within the Cylinder Wall.- 8.6.2 Given Temperature on Each Surface.- 8.6.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at Each Surface.- 8.7 Hollow Cylinder of Infinite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 8.7.1 Within the Cylinder Wall.- 8.7.2 Given Temperature on Each Surface.- 8.7.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at the Surface.- 8.8 Hollow Cylinder of Finite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Constant Thermal Parameters.- 8.8.1 Within the Cylinder Wall.- 8.8.2 Given Temperature on Each Surface.- 8.8.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at the Surface.- 8.9 Hollow Cylinder of Finite Length, with or Without Reaction, with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 8.9.1 Within the Cylinder Wall.- 8.9.2 Given Temperature on the Surface.- 8.9.3 Finite Coefficient of Convection at the Surface.- 9 Numerical Analysis for a Sphere.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Solid Sphere with Radial Heat Transfer, with or without Internal Reaction, with Constant Thermal Parameters.- 9.2.1 Within the Sphere.- 9.2.2 On the Surface.- 9.2.3 Stability of Calculations.- 9.3 Solid Sphere with Radial Heat Transfer, with or without Internal Reaction, with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters.- 9.3.1 Within the Sphere.- 9.3.2 On the Surface.- 10 Numerical Analysis for a Parallelepiped with Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer and Cure Reaction.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Parameters with Reaction.- 10.2.1 Within the Resin.- 10.2.2 Interface Between Resin and Mould.- 10.2.3 Edge and Corner Between Resin and Mould.- 10.2.4 Surface of the Mould or Resin in Contact with a Fluid.- 10.3 Constant Thermal Parameters with Reaction.- 10.3.1 Within the Resin.- 10.3.2 Surface of the Mould or Resin in Contact with a Fluid.- 10.3.3 Edge and Corner of the Mould or Resin in Contact with a Fluid.- 10.3.4 Stability of Calculations. Symmetry.- 11 Determination of the Kinetics of Cure and Its Problems.- 11.1 Techniques Used for Measuring the Change in Properties During Cure.- 11.1.1 Cure of Rubbers.- 11.1.2 Cure of Thermosetting Resins.- 11.1.3 Comparison Between the Cure of Rubbers and Thermosets.- 11.2 Calorimetry, Its Principles and Problems.- 11.2.1 Isothermal Differential Calorimetry.- 11.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry.- 11.2.3 Size of the Sample in Calorimetry; Good Contact Between Sample and Holder.- 1.2.4 Making a Choice Between DC and DSC.- 12 Isothermal Differential Calorimetry.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.1.1 Change of Sample Temperature with Time.- 12.1.2 Quality of Contact Between the Sample and Calorimeter.- 12.1.3 Modelling of the Process in DC.- 12.2 DC with Direct Contact Between the Sample and Calorimeter.- 12.2.1 Numerical Model.- 12.2.2 Results for Cure of Low Enthalpy.- 12.2.3 Results for Cure of High Enthalpy.- 12.3 DC with Indirect Contact Between the Sample and Calorimeter.- 12.3.1 Numerical Model.- 12.3.2 Results.- 12.4 Conclusions.- 13 Differential Scanning Calorimetry.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.1.1 Comparison Between DSC and Gas Chromatography.- 13.1.2 Principles of DSC.- 13.2 Theoretical Aspects of DSC.- 13.2.1 Treatment of the Kinetic Curves Obtained when the Heating Rate is Low.- 13.2.2 Modelling of the Process with a High Heating Rate.- 13.3 Results Obtained with DSC: Effect of Heating Rate.- 13.3.1 Heating Rate and Separation of Various Phenomena in the Sample.- 13.3.2 Heating Rate and Sample Size Without Reaction.- 13.3.3 Heating Rate and Sample Size with a Reaction of Low Enthalpy.- 13.3.4 Heating Rate and Sample Size with a Reaction of High Enthalpy.- 13.3.5 Heating Rate and Cure Enthalpy.- 13.3.6 Heating Rate and Kinetic Parameters.- 13.4 Conclusions on DSC and DC.- 13.4.1 Drawbacks of DC.- 13.4.2 Drawbacks of DSC and Best Working Method.- 14 Variation of Enthalpy and Kinetic Parameters of the Cure of Epoxy Resin with the Composition of the Binary System.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Theory.- 14.3 Experiment.- 14.4 Results.- 14.4.1 Validity of the Kinetic Equation.- 14.4.2 Kinetic Parameters as a Function of the Resin Formulation.- 14.5 Conclusions.- 15 Cure of Epoxy Resin in a Long Cylindrical Mould Heated by Air.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Modelling of the Process.- 15.2.1 Mathematical Treatment.- 15.2.2 Modelling and Numerical Analysis.- 15.3 Experiment.- 15.4 Results.- 15.4.1 Validity of the Model.- 15.4.2 Effect of the Kinetic Parameters of the Resin.- 15.4.3 Effect of the Thermal Parameters of the Resin.- 15.4.4 Effect of the Size of the Mould.- 15.4.5 Effect of Temperature.- 15.5 Conclusions.- 16 Cure of Epoxy Resin in a Long Cylindrical Mould Heated by Oil — Applications to Heat Dissipation and Reactive Injection Moulding.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Modelling of the Process.- 16.2.1 Mathematical Treatment.- 16.2.2 Modelling and Numerical Analysis.- 16.3 Study of the Process with Oil at Constant Temperature.- 16.3.1 Experiment.- 16.3.2 Results.- 16.3.3 Conclusions.- 16.4 Study of the Process with Fibre Glass-Epoxy Resin Heated By Oil. Effect of Kinetic and Thermal Parameters.- 16.4.1 Experiment.- 16.4.2 Cure Process and Validity of the Model.- 16.4.3 Effect of the Thermal Parameters.- 16.4.4 Effect of the Kinetic Parameters.- 16.5 Study of the Dissipation of Heat, with the Epoxy Resin Composite Heated by Oil.- 16.5.1 Experiment.- 16.5.2 Process of Cure and Validity of the Model.- 16.5.3 Effect of the Length of the Cooling Period tc.- 16.5.4 Effect of the Time at Which the Cooling Starts tch.- 16.5.5 Conclusions.- 16.6 Simulation of the Process of Reactive Injection Moulding.- 16.6.1 Experiment.- 16.6.2 Process and Validity of the Model.- 16.6.3 Effect of the Temperature of Injection.- 16.6.4 Conclusions.- 17 Simultaneous Determination of Resistance to Torsion and State of Cure.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Experiment.- 17.3 Theory.- 17.4 Results for Cure and Resistance to Torsion.- 17.4.1 Variation of Mechanical Properties During Cure.- 17.4.2 Profiles of Temperature and SOC Through the Sheet.- 17.5 Conclusions.- 18 Cure of a Loaded Polyester Resin in a Metallic Mould.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Theory.- 18.3. Experiment.- 18.4 Results.- 18.4.1 Validity of the Model.- 18.4.2 Effect of Temperature.- 18.4.3 Effect of Stirring the Oil.- 18.5 Conclusions.- 19 Modelling the Cure of Epoxy Resin Coating at Low Temperature (50 °C).- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Experiment.- 19.3 Theory.- 19.4 Results.- 19.4.1 Determination of the SOC in the Coating.- 19.4.2 Hardness of the Coating in Relation to the SOC.- 19.5 Conclusions.- Author Index.

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