Overview

For courses in crime prevention, introduction to criminal justice, and criminal justice policy. Balanced, comprehensive introduction to crime control Crime Control in America: What Works? provides comprehensive coverage of what works in policing, prosecution, courts, and legislative methods of crime control. It also moves beyond the justice system and examines the effectiveness of crime control at the individual, family, school, and community levels. Finally, it covers environmental criminology and explanations of large-scale crime trends. The 4th edition includes new sections covering the most current and controversial topics in crime control, including the alleged Ferguson effect, immigration enforcement, raising the age of majority, and mass shootings.

Full Product Details

Author:   John Worrall
Publisher:   Pearson Education (US)
Imprint:   Pearson
Edition:   4th edition
Dimensions:   Width: 19.80cm , Height: 1.50cm , Length: 24.90cm
Weight:   0.676kg
ISBN:  

9780134848181

ISBN 10:   0134848187
Pages:   448
Publication Date:   13 April 2018
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Tertiary & Higher Education
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In stock  
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Table of Contents

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control Crime Control and Prevention The Crime Problem in America Types of Crimes The Ever-Expanding Criminal Law Incidence of Crime Costs of Crime and Criminals Is Fear of Crime Worse Than Crime Itself? Approaches, Not Just Policies Laws Official Policies, Written and Unwritten Unofficial Approaches On the Importance of Definitions Defining the Crime Problem Defining the Solution Defining the Desired Outcome Evaluating Success: An Impossible Task? The Hard and Soft Sciences The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment You Can Prove Anything with Statistics Qualitative and Quantitative Research Macro- and Micro-Level Crime Control Displacement and Diffusion Measuring Displacement and Diffusion The Tentative Nature of Scientific Knowledge The Measures Used When New Data Become Available Alternative Settings: The Generalization Problem Other Concerns Funding and Political Priorities Academic Crusaders and Bandwagon Science Evidence-Based Justice Effective Does Not Always Mean Best A Preview of the Book Guns and Drugs: The Real Attention Getters Summary Notes 2. Crime Control Perspectives Operational Perspectives Due Process and Crime Control Due Process Values Crime Control Values System and Nonsystem A Well-Oiled Machine? A Disorganized Mess? The Funnel Model of Justice The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake Political Perspectives Liberals and Conservatives Causes of Crime Consequences of Crime for Society What Should Be Done About Crime? Consensus and Conflict Causes of Crime Consequences of Crime for Society What Should Be Done About Crime? Other Perspectives Faith and Fact Crime Control and Revenue Generation Politics and Ivory Towers Goals of Crime Control Deterrence General and Specific Deterrence Absolute and Marginal Deterrence The Limitations of Deterrence Retribution The Limitations of Retribution Incapacitation The Limitations of Incapacitation Rehabilitation The Limitations of Rehabilitation Goals of Crime Control Compared Summary Notes PART 2: LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACHES 3. Traditional Policing The Theory of Traditional Policing Does Hiring More Cops Reduce Crime? Reasons Why Hiring More Cops Might Not Reduce Crime Lessons from Kansas City Misinterpretations Criticisms The Post-Kansas City Intellectual Debate The Violent Crime Control Act of 1994 What Happens When the Police Go on Strike? De-Policing and the Alleged Ferguson Effect A Very Thin Blue Line: Is There Really a Police Presence? What Are They Doing on the Job? Does It Work? Freeing up Resources One- versus Two-Officer Patrols 311 Patrol Downtime Studies Does It Work? Reactive Policing and Random Patrol Reactive Policing Domestic Violence Arrests Rapid Response Random Patrol Does It Work? Detective Work and Crime The RAND Study Recent Developments Does It Work? Private Policing Private Security versus Private Policing Controversies in Private Policing Does It Work? College Degrees for Cops Does It Work? Summary Notes 4. Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Recent Advancements Proactive Arrests Proactive Arrests for High-Risk Repeat Offenders Proactive Arrests for Specific Offenses Targeting Drug Offenders Targeting Drunk Drivers Targeting Immigrants Does It Work? Directed Patrol Classic Studies Lawrence Sherman and the Hot Spots Directed Patrol of Drug Hot Spots Directed Patrol of Gun Violence Hot Spots Stop, Question, and Frisk Stop, Question, and Frisk: Effects on Crime Does It Work? Broken Windows and Disorder Reduction Fear, Disorder, and Crime Quality-of-Life Policing Micro-Level Research Macro-Level Research Disorder Reduction Missing the Boat on Broken Windows Does It Work? Focused Deterrence Group Violence Reduction Does It Work? Partnering Police--Corrections Partnerships What Does the Research Show? Multijurisdictional Drug Task Forces Military Partnerships and Militarization The Police--Military Connection Police Paramilitary Units Does It Work? Technology and Less-Lethal Weapons Safely Ending Pursuits Crime Detection Devices Less-Lethal Weapons Conducted Energy Devices Does It Work? Using Data to Inform Decisions COMPSTAT Fusion Centers and Intelligence-Led Policing Predictive Policing Does It Work? Summary Notes 5. Community Involvement in Policing Fixing Strained Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Community Justice Problem-Oriented Policing Community Policing: Some History Reasons for Community Policing Community Policing: What Is It? The Definition Problem Rears Its Head Community Policing: Is It Really Happening? Structural Change Attitudinal Change Research on Community Policing Effectiveness Moving the Police into the Community Citizen Contact Patrol Improving the Police Image Organizing Neighborhood Watch Programs Hosting Community Meetings Disseminating Crime Control Newsletters Storefronts and Substations Specialized Patrols Operation Identification Police-Sponsored Television and Websites Police in Schools Does It Work? Integrated Community Policing The Seattle Approach The Hartford Approach Does It Work? Bringing the Community to the Police Citizen Patrol Citizen Police Academies Does It Work? Third-Party Policing Beyond the Criminal Law Some Examples of Third-Party Policing Does It Work? Summary Notes 6. Prosecutors and Crime Control Prosecutors The Shift Toward Strategic Prosecution The Harder Side of Prosecution No-Drop Prosecution Policies Juvenile Waiver Raising the Age of Majority: A Retreat from Waiver? Police-Prosecution Partnerships Partnering to Reduce Gun Violence Federal-State Partnerships Richmond's, Virginia, Project Exile Texas Exile Project Safe Neighborhoods Cross-Designation Does It Work? The Softer Side of Prosecution Victim Assistance Community Prosecution The Structure of Community Prosecution Nontraditional Restraining Orders Code Enforcement Nuisance Abatement Forfeiture Community Prosecution Research Deferred Prosecution Deferred Sentencing Does It Work? A Plea Bargaining Pandemic? Arguments for and Against Plea Bargaining Attempts to Limit Plea Bargaining Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining Does It Work? Summary Notes PART 3: LEGISLATION, COURTS, AND CORRECTIONS 7. Crime Control Through Legislation Legislative Bans Where There's a Demand, There's a Supply Historical Lessons Gambling and Prostitution Prohibition Bans and Their Enforcement Gun Bans Ban Specific Guns and Gun Possession Drug Bans The Scope of America's Drug Problem Drug Ban Problems Does It Work? Legislative Gun Controls Altering Gun Designs Regulating Gun Transactions Denying Gun Ownership to Dangerous Persons Buybacks The Right-to-Carry Controversy Concealed Carry Laws Does It Work? Public Notification and Related Laws Megan's Law Legal Issues Effects on Crime Punitive Sanctions for Sex Offenders Sex Offender Residency Restrictions Does It Work? Other Legislative Approaches White-Collar Crime Laws Does It Work? Antiterrorism Laws The USA Patriot Act The USA Freedom Act Does It Work? Summary Notes 8. Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond Courts and Incapacitation Pretrial Incapacitation Preventive Detention Setting Bail at a High Level Does It Work? Diversion Examples of Programmatic Diversion Diversion Evaluations Does It Work? Shaming A Brief History of Shaming Examples of Shaming Penalties Public Exposure Penalties Debasement Penalties Apology Penalties Reverse Burglary? Criticisms of Shaming Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Shaming and Recidivism Does It Work? Restorative Justice Examples of Restorative Justice What the Research Shows Does It Work? Antigang Injunctions Does It Work? Problem-Solving Courts Drug Courts Possible Limitations of Drug Courts The Empirical Evidence Domestic Violence Courts Therapeutic Jurisprudence A Domestic Violence Court in Operation The Evidence Community Courts The Midtown Community Court The Research Teen Courts Other Specialized Courts Homeless Courts Mental Health Courts Reentry Courts Does It Work? Summary Notes 9. Sentencing Nonprison Sentences Traditional Fines Day Fines Fees Forfeiture Restitution Does It Work? Types of Prison Sentences Prison Strategies Without Regard to Sentence Length Selective Incapacitation Civil Commitment More Prisoners, Less Crime? Less Prisoners, More Crime? Supermax Prisons Does It Work? Does Sentence Length Matter? Thinking About Various Types of Offenders Can Incarceration Cause Crime? Sentence Length and Crime Does It Work? Determinate Sentencing The Hydraulic Displacement of Discretion Impact on Prison Populations Impact on Crime Does It Work? Sentence Enhancements Sentence Enhancements for Guns More on Deterrence More on Incapacitation State-Specific Research Multisite Research Sentence Enhancements for Hate-Motivated Offenses Does It Work? Mandatory Sentencing A Life of Their Own? Mandatory Sentences for Drug Offenders Mandatory Sentences for Drunk Driving Mandatory Sentences for Persistent Offenders Three-Strikes Legislation The Supporters The Critics Some Legislative Details To Deter or Not To Deter Deterrence and Incapacitation Variations in Enforcement The Research Mandatory Death Sentences? Does It Work? Capital Punishment Our Stubborn Adherence to Capital Punishment Does the Death Penalty Deter Crime? Brutalization? Does It Work? Castration Methods of Castration European Origins California's Law Effects on Recidivism Does It Work? Summary Notes 10. Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions The Organization and Administration of Probation and Parole Probation Parole Common Probation and Parole Conditions Probation and Parole Issues To Serve or To Supervise Caseload Concerns Probation and Recidivism Parole and Recidivism Caseloads and Crime Offender Characteristics Over Time Are Parolees Equipped to Reenter Society? Consequences to Society of Prisoner Reentry Improving Probation and Parole Reentry Initiatives Does It Work? Intermediate Sanctions The Net Widening Problem A Typology of Intermediate Sanctions Community Restraints Intensive Supervision Probation Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring GPS Monitoring Structure and Discipline Adult Boot Camps Juvenile Boot Camps Hybrid Intermediate Sanctions Shock Probation Halfway Houses Day Reporting Centers Foster and Group Homes Scared Straight Does It Work? Summary Notes 11. Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training A Movement Toward the Left Some Definitions Criminals Are Not Created Equal Risk Needs Responsivity Rehabilitation Targeting Cognitive Skills Morals Training Reasoning Training Anger Management Improving Victim Awareness Life Skills Training Does It Work? Treatment Treating Drug Addicts In Prison Out of Prison Drug Testing and Treatment Treating Sex Offenders In Prison Out of Prison The Big Picture Does It Work? Does It Work? Job Training The Employment-Crime Connection Job Training for Convicts Education as Job Training Vocational Training Correctional Industries Work Release Job Training for the General Population Housing Dispersal and Mobility Programs Does It Work? More Lessons from Meta-Analysis Summary Notes PART 4: APPROACHES BEYOND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 12. Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control Government May Still Be Involved Individual Crime Control Guns and Personal Defense Measuring Gun Prevalence How Often Are Guns Used in Self-Defense? Debunking the Good Guy to the Rescue Narrative Gun Prevalence and Crime Anecdotal Accounts Armed Resistance and Crime Completion Armed Resistance and Victim Injury Do Criminals Care? Compensating Risks and Offsetting Behavior Guns and Accidental Deaths Comparing the United States to Other Nations A Gun in Every Home? Risk-Avoidance Behaviors Characteristics of Victims Research Complications Risk-Management Behaviors Self-Defense Training Forceful Resistance Nonforceful Resistance Does It Work? Household and Family Crime Control The Aim of Crime Control in Households and Families How Families Influence Delinquency and Youth Victimization Varieties of Crime Control in Households and Families Parent Training and Education Family Preservation Therapy Multisystemic Therapy Financial Assistance to Families Does It Work? Summary Notes 13. Crime Control in the Community and in Schools Community Crime Control What Is Community? The Social Ecology of Crime Poverty Mobility and Change Racial Composition Population Density More on Families Social Disorganization and Collective Efficacy Concentrated Disadvantage Communities and Crime: A Two-Way Relationship? Financial Assistance to Communities Enterprise Zones Community Development Block Grants Community Investment Programs Justice Reinvestment Other Methods of Community Crime Control Mobilizing Residents Antigang Initiatives Youth Mentoring After-School Programs Publicity Campaigns Does It Work? School-Based Crime Control Crime in Schools The Role of Schools in Crime Control The Role of the Government in School-Based Crime Control Targeting the School Environment Building Administrative Capacity Normative Education Managing Classrooms and Education Separate Classrooms for At-Risk Youths Targeting Students Instructional Interventions Drug Abuse Resistance Education Gang Resistance Education Behavior Modification Other Methods of Crime Control in Schools Does It Work? Summary Notes 14. Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation Some Perspective A Quick Return to Theory Rational Offenders Crime Pattern Theory Territorial Functioning and Defensible Space The Return of the Broken Windows Theory How Environmental Manipulation Occurs Access Control Surveillance Activity Support Motivation Reinforcement The Effectiveness of Environmental Manipulation Residential Areas Residences Areas Surrounding Residences Comprehensive Approaches Life Behind the Wall: Gated Communities Does It Work? Businesses Stores Banks Bars and Taverns Does It Work? Transportation Public Transit Airports Does It Work? Other Places Parking Garages Open Spaces Parking Meters and Public Phones Does It Work? Summary Notes PART 5: CONCLUSION 15. Putting It All Together and Explaining Crime Trends A Quick Review Effective Crime Control Failures Uncertainties Three Important Themes Beyond the Justice System Early Intervention Is Key to Success More Research Is Needed Explaining Crime Trends Liberal Explanations Economic Conditions Demographic Shifts Citizen Attitudes Family Conditions Gun Control Conservative Explanations More and Better Policing More Prisoners Other Criminal Justice Policies More Concealed Weapons Permits More Capital Punishment Other Explanations Cultural Shifts Waning of the Crack Epidemic Legalization of Abortion Summary Notes

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John L. Worrall is Professor of Criminology and Director of the MS Program in Justice Administration and Leadership (JAL) at the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD). Both his MA (criminal justice) and PhD (political science) were received from Washington State University, where he graduated in 1999. Dr. Worrall has published articles and book chapters on a variety of topics ranging from legal issues in policing to crime measurement, having been ranked one of the most prolific sole and lead authors in the discipline. He has also authored a number of other popular books, including Introduction to Criminal Justice (with Larry Siegel) and Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal. Dr. Worrall is Executive Director of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and continues to serve as editor of the journal Police Quarterly, a position he has held since 2008.

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