Overview

The generic term “chromosome engineering” encompasses a set of biotechnological procedures in which chromosome features are manipulated to change their structure and mode of genetic inheritance. The employment of these technologies can enormously facilitate and accelerate the mapping of plant genomes, the analysis of gene functions and ultimately the development of plant breeding programs. Additionally, the study of chromosome biology and genome structure allows a broadened view of plant species evolution. In this book, a wide range of peer-reviewed research papers fully covering the above-mentioned topics have been compiled. Chapter 1 focuses on plant chromosome segregation during meiosis and describes the events taking place, as well as the molecular factors involved. In Chapter 2, the de novo construction of a maize minichromosome is reported and its potential applications in plant biotechnology are discussed. In Chapters 3 and 4, genome editing in plants through the respective employment of zinc finger nucleases and the CRISPR/Cas9 System are analyzed. In the following block of five chapters, we review the application of chromosome engineering technology to genome analysis and functional genomics. Chapter 5 examines the main tools allowing an in-depth analysis of polyploid genome structure and gene expression. In Chapter 6, the construction of BAC libraries and their application in genome physical mapping are described. Chapter 7 depicts the genome structure and evolution analysis of three Brachypodium distachyon cytotypes by employing the chromosome painting technique. Chapter 8 describes the use of the enhancer trapping system in gene identification, illustrated by the characterization of the rice oscdm1 mutant. Chapter 9 shows the development of a TILLING by sequencing method in peanut in order to identify mutations in selected loci. The next four chapters investigate practical applications of chromosome engineering in crop breeding. In Chapter 10, the obtaining of new Brassicaceae amphidiploid, alloplasmic, gene integration, chromosome addition and chromosome substitution lines by chromosome engineering methods is presented. In Chapter 11, the manipulation of the Arabidopsis histone CENH3 to produce haploid plants is shown. Similarly, Chapter 12 features the generation of doubled haploid triticale plants for their application in modern breeding programs through microspore embryogenesis. Chapter 13 describes a comparative mapping study between sugarcane and sorghum providing new information on the sugarcane genome structure and revealing the presence of chromosome rearrangements between both species. In Chapter 14, the homoploid hybridization and polyploidy events that led to the evolution of the endemic alpine Helictotrichon parlatorei group are reviewed. Chapter 15 sheds some light on the evolution of sex chromosomes by comparing their divergence in the genera Salix and Populus. The role played by gene duplication in plant genome evolution is illustrated in Chapter 16 through a comparative functional study of the Medicago truncatula transcription factor PISTILLATA and its paralogs MtPI and MtNGL9. In Chapter 17, the role of transposable elements in plant genome evolution is investigated through the genome sequencing data of 211 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Finally, Chapter 18 reviews the role of plant centromere biology in evolution, with focus on atypical centromeres, such as holo- and neocentromeres. As an approach to the exciting field of chromosome engineering, the present book intends to be beneficial for college students, researchers and teachers.

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9781680958973

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Carlos Tello, Valencia, Spain, 1981 studied Agricultural Engineering with specialization in Biotechnology at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, where he graduated with a BSc thesis on the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant with increased tolerance to seed ageing and salt stress. He moved afterwards to Sevilla to complete his MSc and PhD at the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, where he studied the mechanisms employed by plants in their adaptation to abiotic stress and more specifically the role of the Arabidopsis Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 in the regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis. Since 2014, he is based in Zürich and develops several freelance science-related jobs. He has recently retrained himself in the field of cell culture in bioreactors by attending an advanced training course at the Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften.

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