Overview

AIDS UPDATE 2011 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2011 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.

Full Product Details

Author:   Gerald Stine ,  Stine Gerald
Publisher:   McGraw-Hill Education - Europe
Imprint:   McGraw-Hill Professional
Edition:   20th edition
Dimensions:   Width: 18.50cm , Height: 2.80cm , Length: 23.10cm
Weight:   0.676kg
ISBN:  

9780073527635

ISBN 10:   0073527637
Pages:   544
Publication Date:   16 January 2011
Audience:   General/trade ,  General
Replaced By:   0073527653
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Out of Print
Availability:   In Print  
Limited stock is available. It will be ordered for you and shipped pending supplier's limited stock.

Table of Contents

"Contents About the Authoriii A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisisx AIDS UPDATE 2011xx Prefacexxii Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day1 Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens!1 History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics1 Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame?2 Imagine a World without AIDS2 Overview of HIV/AIDS4 AIDS: A Unique Disease5 AIDS: A Cause of Death5 Another Anniversary6 Other Anniversaries6 International AIDS Conferences6 Means of Remembering7 The 27th Candlelight Memorial8 Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States8 Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States10 World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect10 The Future11 National AIDS Hotlines12 Useful Internet Addresses13 1 AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause15 The New Millennium15 AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?16 First Reaction to AIDS: Denial17 What Causes AIDS?18 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports20 Discovery of What Causes AIDS21 Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance22 Summary24 Review Questions25 2 What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus26 The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)26 HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View26 News Flash 2010-Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made After He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is ""As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS""32 Dissidents (AIDS Does't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause)32 Summary of the HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints33 Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS33 Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus35 Summary on the Origin of HIV42 Summary43 Review Questions43 3 Biological Characteristics of HIV44 Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate44 Viruses Are Parasites44 Viruses Specific to Cell Type45 How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS?46 Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell47 HIV Fitness48 The HIV Life Cycle49 Understanding How HIV Works49 How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell50 Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins58 Summary61 Review Questions61 4 Anti-HIV Therapy62 Better Drugs, BEtter Technologies, and Lingering Problems63 Anti-HIV Therapy63 The Good News About ART64 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval67 The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval67 FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors71 Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors71 FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors73 Entry Inhibitors and Problems75 Integrase Inhibitors76 Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants76 Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors77 How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance79 Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS86 Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART)87 Update 201094 Summary94 Disclaimer95 Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines96 Review Questions96 5 The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS98 The Immune System98 Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells101 Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means104 The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters104 Antibodies and HIV Disease109 Cellular MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells112 Immune System Dysfunction113 Original Antigenic Sin113 The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4)116 CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor116 Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities117 In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection119 T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression120 Impact of T4 Cell Depletion121 Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection122 Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?123 Summary126 Review Questions127 6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS128 What Is an Opportunistic Disease?128 The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases129 Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People130 TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide141 Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients141 Disclaimer146 Summary147 Review Questions147 7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS148 What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS148 HIV Disease Defined149 Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy)153 HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS158 Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies159 Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression163 HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)166 Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients167 Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms168 Summary168 Review Questions168 8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus170 Epidemic/Epidemiology171 We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!173 Epidemiology of HIV Infection173 Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)176 Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?176 HIV Transmission176 HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings177 Noncasual Transmission177 Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection187 The Biological Factor193 Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission199 United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)199 Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries202 Other Means of HIV Transmission206 Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa207 Pediatric Transmission214 Conclusion215 National AIDS Resources<216/p> Summary216 Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected217 Review Questions217 9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV219 The AIDS Generation: ""I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!""220 Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS221 Global Prevention222 Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic223 Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic228 Preventing the Transmission of HIV229 Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity232 New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For!235 The Male Condom238 The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)241 An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision245 Update 2010-The CAPRISA 004 Study Results246 Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Trransmission246 Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics247 HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users248 Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission251 Infection Control Procedures252 Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure253 The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV254 The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases258 HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention258 How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work260 Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines262 DNA Vaccine264 Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine264 September 2009-News Broke That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found!265 Summary266 Review Questions268 10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries269 A Word about HIV/AIDS Data271 Year 2011273 Formula for Estimating HIV Infections276 Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation277 September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day290 Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection291 Newly Infected292 Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States293 Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States298 Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality298 Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000300 Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million300 United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2009: Population 61 Million301 Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS304 Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics<304/p> Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples307 Education: Teachers and Students-S outh Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa307 Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia308 Summary312 Review Questions313 11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children 314 HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women315 Female Vulnerability to HIV316 Every Day a Tragedy316 Triple Jeopardy316 Annual International Women's Day-March 8316 Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide317 Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive: 2010318 Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States320 Childbearing Women: Worldwide331 Internet Resources332 Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win!333 Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS334 The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans336 Summary340 Review Questions341 12 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24342 Global HIV Infections in Young Adults342 Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults343 How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States?345 HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!347 Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally347 Summary355 Internet355/p> Other Useful Sources355 Review Questions355 13 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus356 Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present358 Requests for HIV Testing358 Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test358 Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV360 ELISA HIV Antibody Test361 Western Blot Assay367 New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection369 Rapid Result HIV Testing372 FDA Approves Home HIV Antibody Test Kit375 Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV375 Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When376 Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?378 Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted378 Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent380 Summary387 Review Questions387 14 AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior389 HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime390 The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS391 HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease392 Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support392 HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay392 AIDS Comes to the United States393 Blame Someone, DŽjˆ Vu393 Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States394 Whom Is the General Public to Believe?396 AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education400 The Character of Society409 Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act411 Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry413 U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security414 Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations419 Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS425 Summary431 Review Questions432 Answers to Review Questions434 Glossary442 References453 Index480"

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