Overview

The opacification of the left ventricle by echo cardiographic contrast agents (echoventriculography) represents an alternative to cineventriculography, as determinations of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction are accurate and highly reproducible, when methods like color superposition and statist- ical imaging techniques are used in order to improve the outlining of the cavity and endocardial border. Detection of perfusion defects is possible [40]. The enhancement of myocardial contrast during the perfusion phase after injection into the left ventricle or the aorta further improves the endo- cardial border delineation. For practical purposes, the direct injection of echocardiographic contrast is inferior to the indirect opacification after per- ipheral venous injection which can be achieved with sonicated albumin, Albunex(R), SH U 508 A, HOE 155. These drugs are presently under clinical investigation. In up to 90% of the patients, left heart opacification is possible, yielding 30% intensity of the right ventricle. When these drugs are available, sophisticated computed methodologies have to be included in the echocardio- graphic machines in order to improve the determination of the left ventricular volume and ejection fraction [44]. In the future, cineventriculography will be rarely performed as echoventriculograms already show left ventricular contraction. This will possibly result in reduced side effects and costs. REFERENCES 1. Gramiak R, Shah PM, Kramer DH. Ultrasound cardiography: Contrast studies in anatomy and function. Radiology 1969; 939. 2. Kronik G, Hutterer B, Mosslacher H. Diagnose atrialer Links-rechts-Shunts mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen Kontrastechokardiographie. Z Kardiol 1981;70:138-45.

Full Product Details

Author:   N.C. Nanda ,  R. Schlief
Publisher:   Springer
Imprint:   Springer
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1993
Dimensions:   Width: 15.50cm , Height: 2.20cm , Length: 23.50cm
Weight:   0.640kg
ISBN:  

9789401581288

ISBN 10:   9401581282
Pages:   405
Publication Date:   03 October 2013
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
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Table of Contents

One: History, basics and safety of contrast agents.- 1. Contrast-echocardiography — a historical perspective.- 2. Principles of echo contrast.- 3. Conventional echo-contrast agents. Hand preparation, sonication, properties.- 4. Albumin spheres as contrast agents.- 5. Saccharide based contrast agents.- 6. Echocontrast enhancers — how safe are they?.- 7. Gas bubble dynamics in acoustic fields and their biological consequences.- Two: Clinical uses of contrast agents.- 8. Clinical uses of contrast agents — practical considerations.- 9. Structure identification by transthoracic contrast echocardiography.- 10. Identification of right sided structures by contrast transesophageal echocardiography.- 11. Left ventricular contrast echocardiography — echoventriculography.- 12. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography.- 13. Spontaneous echographic contrast — etiology and clinical implications.- 14. Contrast enhanced Doppler in the noninvasive measurement of pulmonary artery pressure.- 15. Contrast enhanced Doppler in the assessment of aortic stenosis.- 16. Contrast enhanced color Doppler — basics and potential clinical value.- 17. Contrast enhanced color Doppler in the assessment of mitral regurgitation.- 18. Transesophageal echo-Doppler studies of coronary arteries — identification, assessment of flow reserve and value of contrast enhancement.- 19. Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of coronary arteries using echo-contrast enhancement.- 20. Diagnostic value of contrast enhancement in vascular Doppler ultrasound.- Three: Future perspectives.- 21. Quantitative contrast Doppler intensitometry.- 22. Role of echo-contrast in quantitative analysis.- 23. Potential applications of color-Doppler imaging of the myocardiumin assessing contractility and perfusion.- 24. Myocardial imaging by color-Doppler coded velocity mapping — from regional contraction to tissue characterization?.

Reviews

' Nanda and Schlief have edited and produced an authoritative and up-to-date reference book for both experienced and inexperienced echocardiologists. I strongly recommend this publication to those interested in this field. ' International Journal of Cardiology, 45 (1994)

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