Overview

Microgrid technology is an emerging area, and it has numerous advantages over the conventional power grid. A microgrid is defined as Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and interconnected loads with clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity concerning the grid. Microgrid technology enables the connection and disconnection of the system from the grid. That is, the microgrid can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Microgrid technologies are an important part of the evolving landscape of energy and power systems. Many aspects of microgrids are discussed in this volume, including, in the early chapters of the book, the various types of energy storage systems, power and energy management for microgrids, power electronics interface for AC & DC microgrids, battery management systems for microgrid applications, power system analysis for microgrids, and many others.  The middle section of the book presents the power quality problems in microgrid systems and its mitigations, gives an overview of various power quality problems and its solutions, describes the PSO algorithm based UPQC controller for power quality enhancement, describes the power quality enhancement and grid support through a solar energy conversion system, presents the fuzzy logic-based power quality assessments, and covers various power quality indices. The final chapters in the book present the recent advancements in the microgrids, applications of Internet of Things (IoT) for microgrids, the application of artificial intelligent techniques, modeling of green energy smart meter for microgrids, communication networks for microgrids, and other aspects of microgrid technologies.  Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in the area of microgrids, this is a must-have for any library. 

Full Product Details

Author:   Sharmeela Chenniappan (Anna University, Chennai, India) ,  Sivaraman Palanisamy (Anna University, Chennai, India) ,  P. Sanjeevikumar (Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark) ,  Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen (Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark)
Publisher:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Imprint:   Wiley-Scrivener
Dimensions:   Width: 1.00cm , Height: 1.00cm , Length: 1.00cm
Weight:   0.454kg
ISBN:  

9781119710790

ISBN 10:   1119710790
Pages:   560
Publication Date:   01 April 2021
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Foreword xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management in Micro-Grid System 1 Sanjay Kumar, R. K. Saket, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Generation and Storage System in MicroGrid 6 1.2.1 Distributed Generation of Electrical Power 6 1.2.2 Incorporation of Electric Car in Micro-Grid as a Device for Backup 7 1.2.3 Power and Heat Integration in Management System 8 1.2.4 Combination of Heat and Electrical Power System 9 1.3 System of Energy Management 10 1.3.1 Classification of MSE 10 1.3.1.1 MSE Based on Conventional Sources 10 1.3.1.2 MSE Based on SSE 10 1.3.1.3 MSE Based on DSM 11 1.3.1.4 MSE Based on Hybrid System 11 1.3.2 Steps of MSE During Problem Solving 11 1.3.2.1 Prediction of Uncertain Parameters 12 1.3.2.2 Uncertainty Modeling 12 1.3.2.3 Mathematical Formulation 12 1.3.2.4 Optimization 13 1.3.3 Micro-Grid in Islanded Mode 13 1.3.3.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of System 13 1.3.4 Micro-Grid Operation in Grid-Connected Mode 14 1.3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of the Systems 14 1.4 Algorithms Used in Optimizing Energy Management System 16 1.5 Conclusion 19 References 20 2 Power and Energy Management in Microgrid 25 Jayesh J. Joglekar 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Microgrid Structure 26 2.2.1 Selection of Source for DG 27 2.2.1.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 27 2.2.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of PAFC Fuel Cell 27 2.3 Power Flow Management in Microgrid 31 2.4 Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC) 33 2.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of GUPFC 34 2.5 Active GUPFC 38 2.5.1 Active GUPFC Control System 39 2.5.1.1 Series Converter 40 2.5.1.2 Shunt Converter 42 2.5.2 Simulation of Active GUPFC With General Test System 43 2.5.3 Simulation of Active GUPFC With IEEE 9 Bus Test System 43 2.5.3.1 Test Case: 1—Without GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell 45 2.5.3.2 Test Case: 2—Without GUPFC and With Fuel Cell 47 2.5.3.3 Test Case: 3—With GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell 48 2.5.3.4 Test Case: 4—With GUPFC and With Fuel Cell 49 2.5.3.5 Test Case: 5—With Active GUPFC 49 2.5.4 Summary 52 2.6 Appendix General Test System 53 2.6.1 IEEE 9 Bus Test System 53 References 55 3 Review of Energy Storage System for Microgrid 57 G.V. Brahmendra Kumar and K. Palanisamy 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Detailed View of ESS 60 3.2.1 Configuration of ESS 60 3.2.2 Structure of ESS With Other Devices 60 3.2.3 ESS Classifications 62 3.3 Types of ESS 62 3.3.1 Mechanical ESS 62 3.3.2 Flywheel ESS 63 3.3.3 CAES System 64 3.3.4 PHS System 65 3.3.5 CES Systems 66 3.3.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) 67 3.3.7 Battery-Based ESS 68 3.3.8 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System 71 3.3.8.1 Capacitors 71 3.3.8.2 Supercapacitors (SCs) 72 3.3.9 SMES 73 3.3.10 Thermal Energy Storage Systems (TESS) 74 3.3.10.1 SHS 75 3.3.10.2 Latent 75 3.3.10.3 Absorption 75 3.3.10.4 Hybrid ESS 76 3.4 Comparison of Current ESS on Large Scale 77 3.5 Importance of Storage in Modern Power Systems 77 3.5.1 Generation Balance and Fluctuation in Demand 77 3.5.2 Intermediate Penetration of Renewable Energy 77 3.5.3 Use of the Grid 80 3.5.4 Operations on the Market 80 3.5.5 Flexibility in Scheduling 80 3.5.6 Peak Shaving Support 80 3.5.7 Improve the Quality of Power 81 3.5.8 Carbon Emission Control 81 3.5.9 Improvement of Service Efficiency 81 3.5.10 Emergency Assistance and Support for Black Start 81 3.6 ESS Issues and Challenges 81 3.6.1 Selection of Materials 82 3.6.2 ESS Size and Cost 82 3.6.3 Energy Management System 83 3.6.4 Impact on the Environment 83 3.6.5 Issues of Safety 83 3.7 Conclusion 84 Acknowledgment 85 References 85 4 Single Phase Inverter Fuzzy Logic Phase Locked Loop 91 Maxwell Sibanyoni, S.P. Daniel Chowdhury and L.J. Ngoma 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 PLL Synchronization Techniques 92 4.2.1 T/4 Transport Delay PLL 95 4.2.2 Inverse Park Transform PLL 96 4.2.3 Enhanced PLL 97 4.2.4 Second Order Generalized Integrator Orthogonal Signal Generator Synchronous Reference Frame (SOGI-OSG SRF) PLL 98 4.2.5 Cascaded Generalized Integrator PLL (CGI-PLL) 99 4.2.6 Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation PLL 100 4.3 Fuzzy Logic Control 101 4.4 Fuzzy Logic PLL Model 103 4.4.1 Fuzzification 103 4.4.2 Inference Engine 105 4.4.3 Defuzzification 108 4.5 Simulation and Analysis of Results 110 4.5.1 Test Signal Generator 110 4.5.2 Proposed SOGI FLC PLL Performance Under Fault Conditions 113 4.5.2.1 Test Case 1 113 4.5.2.2 Test Case 2 114 4.5.2.3 Test Case 3 115 4.5.2.4 Test Case 4 115 4.5.2.5 Test Case 5 116 4.5.2.6 Test Case 6 117 4.6 Conclusion 118 Acknowledgment 118 References 119 5 Power Electronics Interfaces in Microgrid Applications 121 Indrajit Sarkar 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Microgrid Classification 122 5.2.1 AC Microgrid 122 5.2.2 DC Microgrids 124 5.2.3 Hybrid Microgrid 126 5.3 Role of Power Electronics in Microgrid Application 127 5.4 Power Converters 128 5.4.1 DC/DC Converters 128 5.4.2 Non-Isolated DC/DC Converters 129 5.4.2.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 130 5.4.3 Isolated DC/DC Converters 135 5.4.4 AC to DC Converters 137 5.4.5 DC to AC Converters 139 5.5 Conclusion 143 References 143 6 Reconfigurable Battery Management System for Microgrid Application 145 Saravanan, S., Pandiyan, P., Chinnadurai, T., Ramji, Tiwari., Prabaharan, N., Senthil Kumar, R. and Lenin Pugalhanthi, P. 6.1 Introduction 146 6.2 Individual Cell Properties 147 6.2.1 Modeling of Cell 147 6.2.1.1 Second Order Model 147 6.2.2 Simplified Non-Linear Model 148 6.3 State of Charge 149 6.4 State of Health 150 6.5 Battery Life 150 6.6 Rate Discharge Effect 151 6.7 Recovery Effect 152 6.8 Conventional Methods and its Issues 152 6.8.1 Series Connected 152 6.8.2 Parallel Connected 154 6.9 Series-Parallel Connections 154 6.10 Evolution of Battery Management System 155 6.10.1 Necessity for Reconfigurable BMS 156 6.10.2 Conventional R-BMS Methods 156 6.10.2.1 First Design 157 6.10.2.2 Series Topology 158 6.10.2.3 Self X Topology 158 6.10.2.4 Dependable Efficient Scalable Architecture Method 159 6.10.2.5 Genetic Algorithm-Based Method 160 6.10.2.6 Graph-Based Technique 161 6.10.2.7 Power Tree-Based Technique 162 6.11 Modeling of Reconfigurable-BMS 163 6.12 Real Time Design Aspects 164 6.12.1 Sensing Module Stage 165 6.12.2 Control Module Stage 165 6.12.2.1 Health Factor of Reconfiguration 166 6.12.2.2 Reconfiguration Time Delay and Transient Load Supply 166 6.12.3 Actuation Module 167 6.12.3.1 Order of Switching 167 6.12.3.2 Stress and Faults of Switches 169 6.12.3.3 Determining Number of Cells in a Module 170 6.13 Opportunities and Challenges 171 6.13.1 Modeling and Simulation 171 6.13.2 Hardware Design 171 6.13.3 Granularity 171 6.13.4 Hardware Overhead 172 6.13.5 Intelligent Algorithms 172 6.13.6 Distributed Reconfigurable Battery Systems 172 6.14 Conclusion 173 References 173 7 Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid 177 Sivaraman Palanisamy, Dr. Sharmeela Chenniappan and Dr. S. Elango 7.1 Introduction 177 7.1.1 Islanded Mode of Operation 178 7.1.2 Grid Connected Mode of Operation 178 7.2 Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid 179 7.3 Example 179 7.3.1 Power Source 180 7.4 Energy Storage System 180 7.5 Connected Loads 182 7.6 Reactive Power Compensation 182 7.7 Modeling and Simulation 182 7.7.1 Case 1 182 7.7.2 Case 2 184 7.7.3 Case 3 187 7.7.4 Case 4 189 7.7.5 Case 5 191 7.8 Conclusion 193 References 195 8 AC Microgrid Protection Coordination 197 Ali M. Eltamaly, Yehia Sayed Mohamed, Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed and Amer Nasr A. Elghaffar 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Fault Analysis 200 8.2.1 Symmetrical Fault Analysis 201 8.2.2 Single Line to Ground Fault 202 8.2.3 Line-to-Line Fault 204 8.2.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 206 8.3 Protection Coordination 208 8.3.1 Overcurrent Protection 209 8.3.2 Directional Overcurrent/Earth Fault Function 211 8.3.3 Distance Protection Function 214 8.3.4 Distance Acceleration Scheme 217 8.3.5 Under/Over Voltage/Frequency Protection 219 8.4 Conclusion 221 Acknowledgment 224 References 224 9 A Numerical Approach for Estimating Emulated Inertia With Decentralized Frequency Control of Energy Storage Units for Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid System 227 Shubham Tiwari, Jai Govind Singh and Weerakorn Ongsakul 9.1 Introduction 228 9.2 Proposed Methodology 231 9.2.1 Response in Conventional Grids 231 9.2.2 Strategy for Digital Inertia Emulation in Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrids 232 9.2.3 Proposed Mathematical Formulation for Estimation of Digital Inertia Constant for Static Renewable Energy Sources 235 9.3 Results and Discussions 238 9.3.1 Test System 238 9.3.2 Simulation and Study of Case 1 241 9.3.2.1 Investigation of Scenario A 241 9.3.2.2 Investigation of Scenario B 243 9.3.2.3 Discussion for Case 1 245 9.3.3 Simulation and Study of Case 2 246 9.3.3.1 Investigation of Scenario A 246 9.3.3.2 Investigation of Scenario B 248 9.3.3.3 Discussion for Case 2 250 9.3.4 Simulation and Study for Case 3 250 9.3.4.1 Discussion for Case 3 251 9.4 Conclusion 252 References 253 10 Power Quality Issues in Microgrid and its Solutions 255 R. Zahira, D. Lakshmi and C.N. Ravi 10.1 Introduction 256 10.1.1 Benefits of Microgrid 257 10.1.2 Microgrid Architecture 257 10.1.3 Main Components of Microgrid 258 10.2 Classification of Microgrids 258 10.2.1 Other Classifications 259 10.2.2 Based on Function Demand 259 10.2.3 By AC/DC Type 259 10.3 DC Microgrid 260 10.3.1 Purpose of the DC Microgrid System 260 10.4 AC Microgrid 261 10.5 AC/DC Microgrid 262 10.6 Enhancement of Voltage Profile by the Inclusion of RES 263 10.6.1 Sample Microgrid 263 10.7 Power Quality in Microgrid 267 10.8 Power Quality Disturbances 270 10.9 International Standards for Power Quality 270 10.10 Power Quality Disturbances in Microgrid 271 10.10.1 Modeling of Microgrid 271 10.11 Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) Design 272 10.11.1 Reference Current Generation 274 10.12 Control Techniques of SAPF 276 10.13 SPWM Controller 277 10.14 Sliding Mode Controller 277 10.15 Fuzzy-PI Controller 278 10.16 GWO-PI Controller 279 10.17 Metaphysical Description of Optimization Problems With GWO 281 10.18 Conclusion 284 References 285 11 Power Quality Improvement in Microgrid System Using PSO-Based UPQC Controller 287 T. Eswara Rao, Krishna Mohan Tatikonda, S. Elango and J. Charan Kumar 11.1 Introduction 288 11.2 Microgrid System 289 11.2.1 Wind Energy System 290 11.2.1.1 Modeling of Wind Turbine System 290 11.2.2 Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm 291 11.2.3 MPPT Converter 291 11.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 293 11.3.1 UPQC Series Converter 293 11.3.2 UPQC Shunt APF Controller 295 11.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 297 11.4.1 Velocity Function 297 11.4.2 Analysis of PSO Technique 298 11.5 Simulation and Results 299 11.5.1 Case 1: With PI Controller 300 11.5.2 Case 2: With PSO Technique 301 11.6 Conclusion 304 References 305 12 Power Quality Enhancement and Grid Support Using Solar Energy Conversion System 309 CH. S. Balasubrahmanyam, Om Hari Gupta and Vijay K. Sood 12.1 Introduction 309 12.2 Renewable Energy and its Conversion Into Useful Form 312 12.3 Power System Harmonics and Their Cause 313 12.4 Power Factor (p.f.) and its Effects 316 12.5 Solar Energy System With Power Quality Enhancement (SEPQ) 317 12.6 Results and Discussions 320 12.6.1 Mode-1 (SEPQ as STATCOM) 320 12.6.2 Mode-2 (SEPQ as Shunt APF) 320 12.6.3 Mode-3 (SEPQ as D-STATCOM) 322 12.7 Conclusion 326 References 327 13 Power Quality Improvement of a 3-Phase-3-Wire Grid-Tied PV-Fuel Cell System by 3-Phase Active Filter Employing Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy 329 Rudranarayan Senapati, Sthita Prajna Mishra, Rajendra Narayan Senapati and Priyansha Sharma 13.1 Introduction 330 13.2 Active Power Filter (APF) 333 13.2.1 Shunt Active Power Filter (ShPF) 334 13.2.1.1 Configuration of ShPF 334 13.2.2 Series Active Power Filter (SAF) 335 13.2.2.1 Configuration of SAF 336 13.3 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy (SCCS) for APFs 337 13.4 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for ShPF 342 13.5 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for SAF 349 13.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 353 13.6.1 Operation 354 13.6.2 Anode 355 13.6.3 Electrolyte 355 13.6.4 Cathode 356 13.6.5 Comparative Analysis of Various Fuel Cells 356 13.7 Simulation Analysis 356 13.7.1 Shunt Active Power Filter 358 13.7.1.1 ShPF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Loading 358 13.7.1.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition) 360 13.7.1.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System 364 13.7.2 Series Active Power Filter 366 13.7.2.1 SAF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Load Condition 366 13.7.2.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition) 368 13.7.2.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System 370 13.8 Conclusion 373 References 373 14 Application of Fuzzy Logic in Power Quality Assessment of Modern Power Systems 377 V. Vignesh Kumar and C.K. Babulal 14.1 Introduction 378 14.2 Power Quality Indices 379 14.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion 379 14.2.2 Total Demand Distortion 380 14.2.3 Power and Power Factor Indices 380 14.2.4 Transmission Efficiency Power Factor (TEPF) 381 14.2.5 Oscillation Power Factor (OSCPF) 382 14.2.6 Displacement Power Factor (DPF) 383 14.3 Fuzzy Logic Systems 383 14.4 Development of Fuzzy Based Power Quality Evaluation Modules 384 14.4.1 Stage I: Fuzzy Logic Based Total Demand Distortion 385 14.4.1.1 Performance of FTDDF Under Sinusoidal Situations 388 14.4.1.2 Performance of FTDDF Under Nonsinusoidal Situations 389 14.4.2 Stage II—Fuzzy Representative Quality Power Factor (FRQPF) 390 14.4.2.1 Performance of FRQPF Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations 393 14.4.3 Stage III—Fuzzy Power Quality Index (FPQI) Module 395 14.4.3.1 Performance of FPQI Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations 397 14.5 Conclusion 401 References 401 15 Applications of Internet of Things for Microgrid 405 Vikram Kulkarni, Sarat Kumar Sahoo and Rejo Mathew 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Internet of Things 408 15.2.1 Architecture and Design 409 15.2.2 Analysis of Data Science 410 15.3 Smart Micro Grid: An IoT Perspective 410 15.4 Literature Survey on the IoT for SMG 411 15.4.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on IoT for SMG 414 15.4.2 Sub-Systems of AMI 414 15.4.3 Every Smart Meter Based on IoT has to Provide the Following Functionalities 416 15.4.4 Communication 417 15.4.5 Cloud Computing Applications for SMG 418 15.5 Cyber Security Challenges for SMG 419 15.6 Conclusion 421 References 423 16 Application of Artificial Intelligent Techniques in Microgrid 429 S. Anbarasi, S. Ramesh, S. Sivakumar and S. Manimaran 16.1 Introduction 430 16.2 Main Problems Faced in Microgrid 431 16.3 Application of AI Techniques in Microgrid 431 16.3.1 Power Quality Issues and Control 432 16.3.1.1 Preamble of Power Quality Problem 432 16.3.1.2 Issues with Control and Operation of MicroGrid Systems 433 16.3.1.3 AI Techniques for Improving Power Quality Issues 434 16.3.2 Energy Storage System With Economic Power Dispatch 438 16.3.2.1 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 438 16.3.2.2 Need for Intelligent Approaches in Energy Storage System 440 16.3.2.3 Intelligent Methodologies for ESS Integrated in Microgrid 441 16.3.3 Energy Management System 444 16.3.3.1 Description of Energy Management System 444 16.3.3.2 EMS and Distributed Energy Resources 445 16.3.3.3 Intelligent Energy Management for a Microgrid 446 16.4 Conclusion 448 References 449 17 Mathematical Modeling for Green Energy Smart Meter for Microgrids 451 Moloko Joseph Sebake and Meera K. Joseph 17.1 Introduction 451 17.1.1 Smart Meter 452 17.1.2 Green Energy 453 17.1.3 Microgrid 453 17.1.4 MPPT Solar Charge Controller 454 17.2 Related Work 454 17.3 Proposed Technical Architecture 456 17.3.1 Green Energy Smart Meter Architecture 456 17.3.2 Solar Panel 456 17.3.3 MPPT Controller 456 17.3.4 Battery 457 17.3.5 Solid-State Switch 457 17.3.6 Electrical Load 457 17.3.7 Solar Voltage Sensor 457 17.3.8 Batter Voltage Sensor 458 17.3.9 Current Sensor 458 17.3.10 Microcontroller 458 17.3.11 Wi-Fi Module 458 17.3.12 GSM/3G/LTE Module 459 17.3.13 LCD Display 459 17.4 Proposed Mathematical Model 459 17.5 Results 462 Conclusion 468 References 469 18 Microgrid Communication 471 R. Sandhya and Sharmeela Chenniappan 18.1 Introduction 471 18.2 Reasons for Microgrids 473 18.3 Microgrid Control 474 18.4 Control Including Communication 474 18.5 Control with No Communication 475 18.6 Requirements 478 18.7 Reliability 478 18.8 Microgrid Communication 479 18.9 Microgrid Communication Networks 481 18.9.1 Wi-Fi 481 18.9.2 WiMAX-Based Network 482 18.9.3 Wired and Wireless-Based Integrated Network 482 18.9.4 Smart Grids 482 18.10 Key Aspects of Communication Networks in Smart Grids 483 18.11 Customer Premises Network (CPN) 483 18.12 Architectures and Technologies Utilized in Communication Networks Within the Transmission Grid 485 References 487 19 Placement of Energy Exchange Centers and Bidding Strategies for Smartgrid Environment 491 Balaji, S. and Ayush, T. 19.1 Introduction 491 19.1.1 Overview 491 19.1.2 Energy Exchange Centers 492 19.1.3 Energy Markets 493 19.2 Local Energy Centers and Optimal Placement 495 19.2.1 Problem Formulation (Clustering of Local Energy Market) 496 19.2.2 Clustering Algorithm 496 19.2.3 Test Cases 497 19.2.4 Results and Discussions 498 19.2.5 Conclusions for Simulations Based on Modified K Means Clustering for Optimal Location of EEC 501 19.3 Local Energy Markets and Bidding Strategies 503 19.3.1 Prosumer Centric Retail Electricity Market 504 19.3.2 System Modeling 505 19.3.2.1 Prosumer Centric Framework 505 19.3.2.2 Electricity Prosumers 505 19.3.2.3 Modeling of Utility Companies 507 19.3.2.4 Modeling of Distribution System Operator (DSO) 507 19.3.2.5 Supply Function Equilibrium 507 19.3.2.6 Constraints 508 19.3.3 Solution Methodology 509 19.3.3.1 Game Theory Approach 509 19.3.3.2 Relaxation Algorithm 511 19.3.3.3 Bi-Level Algorithm 511 19.3.3.4 Simulation Results 512 19.3.3.5 Nikaido-Isoda Formulation 513 19.3.4 Case Study 513 19.3.4.1 Plots 514 19.3.4.2 Anti-Dumping 514 19.3.4.3 Macro-Control 514 19.3.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis 514 Conclusion 517 References 518 Index 521

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Author Information

Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of EEE, CEG campus, Anna University, Chennai, India. She has 20 years of teaching experience at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and has done a number of research projects and consultancy work in renewable energy, power quality and design of power quality compensators for various industries. She is currently working on future books for the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Sivaraman Palanisamy has an M.E. in power systems engineering from Anna University, Chennai and is an assistant engineering manager at a leading engineering firm in India He has more than six years of experience in the field of power system studies and related areas and is an expert in many power systems simulation software programs. He is also currently working on other projects to be published under the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He is a fellow in multiple professional societies and associations and is an editor and contributor for multiple science and technical journals in this field. Like his co-editors, he is also currently working on other projects for Wiley-Scrivener. Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University and is Head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. Through his research, he helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and serves as the head of the research group. He has vast experience in the field of bio-refineries and biogas production and has served as the technical advisory for many industries in this field.

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