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OverviewFull Product DetailsAuthor: Bruce Anderson (Boston University) , Alan H. Strahler (Boston University)Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc Imprint: John Wiley & Sons Inc Volume: 85 Dimensions: Width: 22.90cm , Height: 2.30cm , Length: 27.40cm Weight: 1.134kg ISBN: 9780470418123ISBN 10: 0470418125 Pages: 528 Publication Date: 22 September 2008 Audience: College/higher education , Tertiary & Higher Education Format: Loose-leaf Publisher's Status: Out of Print Availability: In Print  Limited stock is available. It will be ordered for you and shipped pending supplier's limited stock. Table of Contents1 Introducing Weather and Climate 2 Introducing Weather and Climate 4 Weather 7 Climate 7 What a Scientist Sees: Actual Temperatures and Temperature Departures 10 Weather and Climate 13 Visualizing Weather and Climate 15 Graphs 15 Maps 17 Standard Measurements in Weather and Climate 21 2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 28 Composition of the Atmosphere 30 Radiatively and Chemically Inactive Gases 30 Radiatively and Chemically Active Gases 31 Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere 37 Ozone in the Lower Atmosphere 38 Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere 39 What a Scientist Sees: Temperature Changes Along a Mountain Slope 39 Troposphere 40 Stratosphere 41 The Ionosphere 41 Atmospheric Pressure and Density 43 How Air Pressure and Density Change with Altitude 45 The Ideal Gas Law 46 3 The Earth’s Global Energy Balance 50 Electromagnetic Radiation 52 Radiation and Temperature 55 Solar Radiation 56 Longwave Radiation from the Earth 59 The Global Radiation Balance 59 Geographic Variations in Energy Flow 62 Insolation Over the Globe 62 Net Radiation, Latitude, and the Energy Balance 63 Sensible and Latent Heat Transfer 64 The Global Energy System 66 Solar Energy Losses in the Atmosphere 66 Albedo 67 What a Scientist Sees: Surface Characteristics and Albedo 69 Counterradiation and the Greenhouse Effect 70 Global Energy Budgets of the Atmosphere and Surface 71 Climate and Global Change 74 4 Surface Temperature and Its Variation 82 The Earth’s Rotation and Orbit 84 Earth’s Rotation 84 The Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun 86 Solstice and Equinox 87 Variations in Insolation Over the Globe 90 Solar Heating of Land and Water 96 Air Temperature 99 Urban Heat Island 101 What a Scientist Sees: Urban and Rural Surfaces 103 The Daily Cycle of Air Temperature 104 Daily Insolation and Net Radiation 104 Factors that Influence Daily Temperatures 106 The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature 107 Net Radiation and Temperature 107 Land and Water Contrasts 108 World Patterns of Air Temperature 109 Factors Controlling Air Temperature Patterns 109 Measurement of Air Temperature 112 Applications of Temperature Data 113 5 Atmospheric Moisture 120 Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation 122 Three States of Water 122 The Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle 122 The Hydrologic Cycle and Global Water Balance 124 Humidity 126 Specific Humidity 126 Saturation Specific Humidity 127 Relative Humidity 128 The Adiabatic Process 130 Dry Adiabatic Rate 130 Moist Adiabatic Rate 132 Clouds 133 Cloud Forms 135 Fog 136 What a Scientist Sees: Smog 137 Precipitation 138 Precipitation Processes 139 Types of Precipitation 144 Measuring Precipitation 148 6 Winds 154 Winds 156 Measurement of Wind 157 Winds and Pressure Gradients 159 Winds and Pressure Gradients 159 Pressure and Temperature Gradients 160 Local Winds 161 What a Scientist Sees: Winds and Fire 164 The Coriolis Effect and Winds Aloft 166 The Geostrophic Wind 168 Cyclones and Anticyclones in Upper Air 169 Winds at the Surface 172 Cyclones and Anticyclones at the Surface 173 Divergence and Convergence 175 7 Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 182 Surface Winds 184 Global Wind and Pressure Patterns 188 Winds Aloft 194 Global Circulation at Upper Levels 195 Jet Streams and the Polar Front 197 Disturbances in the Jet Stream 199 Oceanic Circulation 201 Temperature Layers of the Oceans 202 Surface Currents 202 What a Scientist Sees: Three Images of the Gulf Stream 204 Deep Currents and Thermohaline Circulation 206 Heat and Moisture Transport 208 8 Midlatitude Weather Systems 216 Air Masses 218 Cold, Warm, and Occluded Fronts 222 Midlatitude Anticyclones and Cyclones 225 Anticyclones 225 What a Scientist Sees: Surface Winds and Cloud Cover Associated with Midlatitude Cyclones and Anticylcones 225 Cyclones 226 Midlatitude Cyclones 228 Midlatitude Cyclones and Upper-Air Disturbances 231 Vorticity 232 Cyclone Tracks and Cyclone Families 237 Cold Air Outbreaks 238 9 Tropical Weather Systems 244 Tropical Cyclone Structure 246 Easterly Waves 246 Tropical Cyclones 247 What a Scientist Sees: Rainfall within a Tropical Cyclone 249 Development and Movement of Tropical Cyclones 252 Tropical Cyclone Tracks 253 Impacts of Tropical Cyclones 256 Changes in Weather and Sea Level 256 Impacts on Coastal Communities 260 Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity 263 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes 268 Thunderstorms 270 Air-Mass Thunderstorms 271 Mesoscale Convective Systems 276 Thunder and Lightning 280 Charge Separation 281 Thunder 282 Tornadoes 284 Tornado Characteristics 284 Tornado Development 285 Weather Conditions Leading to Tornado Formation 287 Tornado Alley 287 Tornado Destruction 288 What a Scientist Sees: Doppler Radar Images of Tornadoes 289 Tornado Forecasting 292 11 The Global Scope of Climate 298 Factors Controlling Climate 300 Temperature and Precipitation Regimes 302 Temperature Regimes 302 Precipitation Regimes 303 Seasonality of Precipitation 306 What a Scientist Sees: Drought and Vegetation 306 Climate Classification 309 Overview of Climates 310 Dry and Moist Climates 314 Köppen Climate Classification System 314 12 Climates of the World 320 Low-Latitude Climates 322 Wet Equatorial Climate 322 What a Scientist Sees: Rainforests and Agriculture 323 The Trade-Wind Coastal Climate 324 The Wet-Dry Tropical Climate 325 Monsoon Climates 327 The Dry Tropical Climate 327 Midlatitude Climates 330 The Dry Subtropical Climate 330 Moist Subtropical Climate 332 The Mediterranean Climate 334 The Marine West-Coast Climate 336 Dry Midlatitude Climate 338 Moist Continental Climate 339 High-Latitude Climates 342 Boreal Forest Climate 342 Tundra Climate 343 The Ice Sheet Climate 344 13 Climate Variability 352 Annual to Centennial Climate Variations 354 Historical Record 354 What a Scientist Sees: Ice Cores and Temperature Records 356 Volcanoes 356 El Niño and La Niña 358 Pacific Decadal Oscillation 362 North Atlantic Oscillation 363 Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation 366 Millennial Climate Variations 367 Changes in Earth’s Rotation and Revolution 367 Climate Feedbacks 371 Longwave–Temperature Feedback 371 Water Vapor–Temperature Feedback 372 Ice–Albedo Feedback 373 Cloud-Cover Feedback 374 Biological Feedback 375 Ocean Feedback 378 Geological Feedback 378 14 Human Interaction with Weather and Climate 384 Severe Weather 386 Heat Waves 386 Cold Waves 389 Flooding 390 Severe Climate 395 Drought 395 Famine 396 What a Scientist Sees: Drought and Famine in the Sahel 396 Fire 397 Examples of Changes in Severe Weather 398 Shifts in Climate Regimes 400 Human Impact on Weather and Climate 401 Pollution 401 Land-Cover Change 404 15 Weather Forecasting and Numerical Modeling 412 Local and Synoptic Weather Forecasting 414 Local Weather Forecasting 415 Synoptic Weather Forecasting 420 What a Scientist Sees: Using Visual Information 423 Numerical Weather Forecasting 424 Visualization 426 Operational Weather Forecasting 428 Use of Synoptic Charts 428 Use of the Analog Method 429 Use of Numerical Forecasts 430 Use of Local Observations 431 Watches, Warnings, and Advisories 432 Validation 433 16 Human-Induced Climate Change and Climate Forecasting 440 Greenhouse Gases 442 Changing Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 443 Sources and Sinks of Anthropogenic CO2 446 Residence Time 448 Future Emissions 449 Numerical Modeling 453 Ocean Models 454 Land-Surface Models 455 Modeling “Experiments” 456 Climate-Change Predictions 458 Global and Regional Temperature Forecasts 458 Global and Regional Precipitation Forecasts 460 Sea-Level Rise 460 Changes in Extreme Weather Events 462 Change in the Thermohaline Circulation 463 What a Scientist Sees: Observed and Predicted Changes in Arctic Sea Ice 463 Other Impacts 464 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies 465 Appendix A Units of Measurement and Conversion 472 B The U.S. Standard Atmosphere 473 C Weather Station and Map Symbols 474 D Self-Test Answer Key 475 Glossary 476 Credits 489 Index 493ReviewsAuthor InformationBruce T. Anderson is an Associate Chair of the Department of Geography and Environment at Boston University. He is also an Associate Professor in the Department. He serves as a Research Consultant for the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA) project and heads the Experimental Center for Remote Observations of Production (ECROP). He serves on the Membership Committee for the American Meteorological Society. He has been a National Research Council Fellow and a NOAA Visiting Scientist Fellow. He has over 25 peer-reviewed articles published or in press over the last 5 years and has been the invited speaker at both national and international universities, conferences, and workshops. His research interests include regional impacts of climate variability, large-scale and regional atmospheric dynamics and hydrology, coupled ocean-atmosphere variability, and climate/vegetation interactions and feedbacks. He received his Ph.D. from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1998 and graduated with a B.S. in Physics from University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994. Tab Content 6Author Website:Countries AvailableAll regions |
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