Overview

This book provides basics and selected advanced insights on how to generate reliability, safety and resilience within (socio) technical system developments. The focus is on working definitions, fundamental development processes, safety development processes and analytical methods on how to support such schemes. The method families of Hazard Analyses, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis are explained in detail. Further main topics include semiformal graphical system modelling, requirements types, hazard log, reliability prediction standards, techniques and measures for reliable hardware and software with respect to systematic and statistical errors, and combination options of methods. The book is based on methods as applied during numerous applied research and development projects and the support and auditing of such projects, including highly safety-critical automated and autonomous systems. Numerous questions and answers challenge students and practitioners.

Full Product Details

Author:   Ivo Häring
Publisher:   Springer Verlag, Singapore
Imprint:   Springer Verlag, Singapore
Edition:   1st ed. 2021
Weight:   0.682kg
ISBN:  

9789813342712

ISBN 10:   9813342714
Pages:   308
Publication Date:   14 February 2021
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
We will order this item for you from a manufactured on demand supplier.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction and objectives 1.1 Safe, secure and resilient technical sustainable systems 1.2 Structure of text and chapter contents overview 1.3 Main features of the text 1.4 Sample background research projects 1.4.1 Functional safety of heating and cooling systems in electical vehicles 1.4.2 Resilience Engineering of multi-modal indoor localization system 1.4.3 Reliabilty and resilience for local power supply grids   2 Technical safety and reliability methods for resilience engineering   2.1 Overview 2.2 Why to leverage classical system analysis approaches for resilience engineering 2.3 Approach to assess the suitability of methods 2.4 Suitability assessment with five-step risk management scheme 2.5 Method Usability assessment using Resilience responSe cycle time phases 2.6 Method Usability assessment using Technical resilience capabilities   2.7 Method Usability assessment using system layers 2.8 Method Usability assessment using Resilience criteria 2.9 Summary and conclusions 2.10 Questions 2.11 Answers   3 Basic technical safety terms and definitions  3.1 Overview 3.2 System 3.3 Life cycle 3.4 Risk   3.5 Acceptable risk   3.6 Hazard   3.7 Safety   3.8 Risk minimization 3.9 Safety relevant and critical systems 3.10 Safety relevant norms 3.11 Systems with high requirements for the reliability   3.12 Models for the software and hardware development process 3.13 Safety function and integrity 3.14 Safety Life Cycle 3.15 Techniques and measures for achieving safety 3.16 System description, system modeling 3.16.1 OPM (Object Process Methodology) 3.16.2 AADL (Architecture Analysis & Design Language) 3.16.3 UML (Unified Modeling Language) 3.16.4 AltaRica / AltaRica DF 3.16.5 VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) 3.16.6 BOM (Base Object Model) 3.16.7 SysML (Systems Modeling Language) 3.17 System simulation 3.18 System analysis methods 3.19 Forms of documentation 3.20 Questions 3.21 Answers 4 Introduction to system analysis 4.1 Overview 4.2 Definition of a system   4.3 Boundaries of the system 4.4 Theoretical vs. practical system audit 4.5 Inductive and deductive system analysis methods 4.6 Forms of documentation 4.7 Failure space and success space 4.8 Overview diagram 4.9 Black swans   4.10 Failure and fault   4.11 Types of failures   4.12 Safety and reliability   4.13 Redundancies   4.14 Active and passive components 4.15 Standby 4.16 Optimization of resources 4.17 Combination of failures 4.18 Summary and outlook 4.19 Questions 4.20 Answers   5 Introduction to system analysis methods 5.1 Overview   5.2 Parts Count approach   5.3 FMEA   5.4 FMECA 5.5 FTA 5.6 ETA   5.7 HA 5.8 FHA 5.9 DFM   5.10 Summary and Outlook 5.11 Questions 5.12 Answers   6 Fault Tree Analysis   6.1 Overview 6.2 Introduction to Fault Tree Analysis 6.3 Definitions 6.3.1 Basic event and top event 6.3.2 Cut sets, minimal cut sets, and their order   6.3.3 Multiple occurring events and branches   6.3.4 Exposure time 6.4 Process of Fault Tree Analysis 6.5 Fundamental concepts 6.5.1 The I-N-S concept   6.5.2 The SS-SC concept   6.5.3 The P-S-C concept 6.6 Construction rules 6.7 Mathematical basics for the computation of Fault Tree   6.8 Computation of minimal cut sets   6.8.1 Top-Down method 6.8.2 Bottom-Up method 6.9 Dual Fault Trees 6.10 Probability of the top event 6.11 Importance measures 6.11.1 Importance of a minimal cut set   6.11.2 Top contribution importance 6.11.3 Risk Reduction Worth (RRW) 6.11.4 Risk Achievement Worth (RAW)   6.11.5 Birnbaum importance measure 1 6.12 Extensions of classical Fault Tree Analysis   6.12.1 Time- and mode-dependent Fault Trees 6.12.2 Dynamic Fault Tree Analysis   6.12.3 Dependent basic events   6.12.4 Fuzzy probabilities 6.13 Summary and outlook 6.14 Questions 6.15 Answers   7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 7.1 Overview 7.2 Introduction to FMEA 7.2.1 General aspects of the FMEA method 7.2.2 FMEA application options   7.2.3 Sorts of FMEA 7.3 Execution of an FMEA   7.3.1 Preparation 7.3.2 Step 1: Structural analysis   7.3.3 Step 2: Functional analysis 7.3.4 Step 3: Failure analysis 7.3.5 Step 4: Measure analysis (semi-quantification) 7.3.6 Step 5: Optimization 7.4 FMEA form sheet   7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Columns 7.5 Evaluation table 7.6 RPN 7.7 Probability of default 7.8 Norms and standards 7.9 Extensions of classical FMEA   7.9.1 Weighting and risk factors   7.9.2 Feasibility assessment 7.9.3 Risk map 7.9.4 FMECA 7.9.5 FMEDA 7.10 Relation to other methods   7.11 Disadvantages of FMEA 7.12 Summary and outlook 7.13 Questions 7.14 Answers 7.15 An example of FMEDA 7.15.1 Overview 7.15.2 System description 7.15.3 Task 8 Hazard analysis 8.1 Overview 8.2 General aspects 8.3 Hazard Log 8.4 Preliminary Hazard List   8.5 Preliminary Hazard Analysis 8.6 Subsystem Hazard Analysis 8.7 System Hazard Analysis 8.8 Operating and Support Hazard Analysis 8.9 Comparison of the Hazard Analysis worksheets   8.10 Evaluation of risks 8.10.1 Risk map 8.10.2 Risk graph 8.10.3 Computation of SIL 8.11 Allocation of the different types of hazard analysis to the development cycle 8.12 Standardization process 8.13 Tabular summary of use of different types of tabular analyses   8.14 Additional material 8.15 Questions 8.16 Answers   9 Reliability prediction 9.1 Overview 9.2 Reliability and dependability   9.3 Embedding “reliability prediction” into the range of system analysis methods 9.3.1 Failure modes analysis 9.3.2 Reliability prediction 9.3.3 System state analysis 9.4 Software 9.5 Failure 9.6 Demand modes for safety functions 9.7 Failure density 9.8 Failure rate 9.9 Bathtub curve 9.10 Standards 9.10.1 General design   9.10.2 MIL-HDBK-217   9.10.3 SN29500 (Siemens) 9.10.4 Telcordia 9.10.5 217-Plus 9.10.6 NSWC 9.10.7 IEC TR 62380   9.10.8 IEEE Gold Book (IEEE STD 493-1997) 9.10.9 SAE (PREL 5.0) 9.10.10 GJB/Z 299B 9.10.11 FIDES 9.11 Summary and outlook 9.12 Additional material 9.13 Questions 9.14 Answers   10 Models for hardware and software development processes 10.1 Overview 10.2 Properties of the software development models 10.2.1 Incremental versus big bang development 10.2.2 Iterative development 10.2.3 Linear development 10.2.4 Agile software development 10.3 Example development models 10.3.1 Waterfall Model 10.3.2 Spiral Model 10.3.3 V-Model 10.3.4 Rational Unified Process (RUP) 10.3.5 Scrum 10.4 Questions 10.5 Answers 11 The standard IEC 61508 and its Safety Life Cycle 11.1 Overview 11.2 History of the standard 11.3 Structure of the standard 11.4 Reminder 11.5 Definitions 11.6 Safety function 11.7 Safety Life Cycle 11.8 More detailed description of some phases 11.8.1 Phase 1: Concept 11.8.2 Phase 2: Overall scope definition 11.8.3 Phase 3: Hazard and risk analysis 11.8.4 Phase 4: Overall safety requirements   11.8.5 Phase 5: Overall safety requirements allocation 11.8.6 Phases 6 to 8: Overall operation and maintance planning, overall safety validation planning, and overall installation and commissioning planning 11.8.7 Phase 9: E/E/PE system safety requirements specification 11.8.8 Phase 10: E/E/PE safety-realted systems: realisation   11.8.9 Phases 11 to 16: Other risk reduction measures, overall installation and commissioning, overall safety validation, overall operation maintenance and repair, overall modification and retrofit, and decommissioning or disposal 11.9 Summary of requirements for safety functions 11.10 Questions 11.11 Answers 12 Requirements for safety-critical systems   12.1 Overview 12.2 Context 12.3 Definitions 12.3.1 Safety and risk 12.3.2 Highly available and safety critical systems 12.3.3 Safety requirement 12.4 Properties of safety requirements 12.4.1 Functional vs. non-functional safety requirements 12.4.2 Active vs. passive safety requirements 12.4.3 Technical vs. non-technical safety requirements 12.4.4 Concrete vs. abstract safety requirements 12.4.5 Cause- vs. effect-oriented safety requirements 12.4.6 Static vs. dynamic safety requirements 12.4.7 Standardized requirements 12.4.8 Qualitative vs. quantitative safety requirements 12.4.9 System-specific vs. module-specific safety requirements 12.4.10 Time-critical safety requirements 12.4.11 System safety properties 12.5 Evaluating the properties 12.6 Questions 12.7 Answers 13 Semi-formal modeling of multi-technological systems I: UML 13.1 Overview 13.2 Properties (classification) of multi-technological systems 13.3 History 13.4 Limitations and possibilities of UML 13.5 UML in the literature 13.5.1 Scientific activity around UML 13.5.2 Standard books   13.6 UML diagrams 13.6.1 Class Diagram 13.6.2 Classifier 13.6.3 Composite Structure Diagram 13.6.4 State Diagram/State Machine 13.6.5 Sequence Diagram 13.6.6 Timing Diagram 13.6.7 Further UML diagrams 13.6.8 Profiles 13.6.9 SysML Requirement Diagram   13.6.10 Example diagrams for single device   13.6.11 Example diagrams for separate devices 13.6.12 Example diagrams for separate devices with independent physical criteria 13.6.13 Example diagrams for a bread cutter 13.6.14 Types of safety requirements 13.7 Questions 13.8 Answers 14 Semi-formal modeling of multi-technological systems II: SysML beyond the Requirements Diagram 14.1 Overview   14.2 History 14.3 Overview of diagrams 14.3.1 Block Definition Diagram   14.3.2 Internal Block Diagram 14.3.3 Activity Diagram 14.3.4 State Machine Diagram 14.3.5 Use Case Diagram 14.4 Tasks and questions 14.5 Answers 15 Combination of system analysis methods 15.1 Overview 15.2 SysML before system analysis methods   15.3 Combination of hazard analyses and other system analysis methods 15.4 From FMEA to FTA 15.5 Combination of component FTAs to a system FTA 15.6 Fault isolation procedure 15.7 Further reading 15.8 Questions 15.9 Answers 16 Error detecting and correcting codes   16.1 Overview 16.2 Parity bit 16.3 Hamming code 16.4 CRC Checksums 16.5 Assessment of bit error detecting and correcting codes for a sample system 16.5.1 The sample problem   16.5.2 Assumptions   16.5.3 The simulation program and running time   16.5.4 Results 16.6 Error detecting and correcting codes in the standard IEC 61508 16.7 Questions 16.8 Answers 17 Index 18 Abbreviations 19 Mathematical notations   20 List of figures and tables 21 Literature EndNote 22 Literature Citavi 23 Publication bibliography

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Author Information

​Ivo Häring received a PhD in physics at the Max-Planck-Institute for Complex Systems (MPIPKS) from the Technical University Dresden (TUD). Since 2004 he works at the Fraunhofer Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Germany, in various roles including deputy head of the department Safety Technologies and Protective Structures, head of the research groups Technical Safety, Hazard and Risk Analysis, Resilience Engineering, and Senior Scientist. Areas of interest are qualitative and quantitative risk and resilience analysis, engineering, management and optimization; system modelling, analysis, engineering and numerical simulation; technical reliability and safety analysis of multi-domain systems including software and networks; automated, autonomous and self-learning systems; and software application and 3D expert tool development. In these areas he contributed to scientific work programs, set-up, execution and dissemination of multiple national and EU funded research projects, in particular with the aims of risk control, (functional) safety, susceptibility and vulnerability reduction as well as resilience enhancement. The results have been documented in many (conference) articles and used for lectures within safety and security, risk and sustainability engineering master degree programs and continuous academic courses, in particular at the University of Freiburg, Institute for Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Hochschule Furtwangen University (HFU), Baden-Wuerttemberg State University Loerrach (DHBW) and Fraunhofer Academy. He is member of the editorial board of the European Journal for Security Research (EJSR). 

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