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JUSTICE IN ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY 1.1 Introduction Philosophical discussion about moral concept and principles emerge in the Greek society quite early. Among the few ancient Greek philosophers whose work continue to remain popular to modern students of moral philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. No ancient moral philosopher is as popular as these three. Their views have been rejected, criticised and modified by various thinkers along the way. However, their works continue to be read and discussed because of the depth and elegance in what they say, and also because of the relevance to our lives today. The concept of justice is closely associated with well-being in the work of both Plato and Aristotle. If there is justice, there will be well-being; and if there is injustice, there will be absence of well-being. Justice for individual well-being is one aspect of inquiry. But then as Aristotle says that man is a political animal, so human individuals live in polis, city-state, and therefore there is also the quest for the wellbeing of the society at large. Thus one finds discourses of justice at two levels - first, at the institutional level that kingdoms or nation-states are to pursue in order to obtain justice; and second, at the individual level that each person must strive for. But not all theories of justice undertake such a rather comprehensive approach. For example, the idea of justice that later philosopher like John Rawls advances is rather a quest for just principles for institutions to follow; the normative principle of justice that must apply at the level of individual interactions is not truly the endeavour that Rawls seeks to accomplish. This does not mean that Rawls denies the relevance of appropriating justice in individual interactions. It is just that his concern and priorities are different. In this chapter, the idea of justice advanced in the ancient Greek world will be examined - particularly the views of Plato and Aristotle. The inquiry in this chapter will recapitulate the age old ideas of justice as propounded and understood then. The chapter will underscore how the ideas of function and well-being are woven together as they explore the idea of justice. As it will be explored in further detail later, this is.

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