Overview

During the First World War, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, entered into a secret correspondence with Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca. On behalf of Asquith’s government, McMahon promised the Sharif an independent Arab state after the war, if he would ally with Britain and launch a revolt against the Ottomans. Two years later, Lloyd George’s government declared that the region of Palestine would be for the global Jewish community. Britain abandoned its earlier pledge to the Sharif, and successive governments dismissed calls for publication of the McMahon–Hussein correspondence on the grounds that it would be ‘detrimental to the public interest’. Britain and pro-Zionist historians claim that Palestine was never guaranteed to the Sharif, but here Peter Shambrook demonstrates conclusively that it was. Through a comprehensive analysis of official records and private papers, he details the events surrounding the decision to withhold publication of the correspondence, reveals how officials increasingly came to doubt the integrity of that policy, and exposes as a whitewash the 1939 Anglo-Arab Report issued in the wake of discussions on the correspondence with an Arab delegation. Since then, no government has investigated the matter, and there has been no official acknowledgement of the truth, which Shambrook lays bare – along with its devastating consequences.

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Reviews

‘Deeply researched, powerfully argued and meticulously documented, Policy of Deceit lays bare Britain’s shameful record of lies, broken promises and betrayals that paved the way to the Zionist takeover of Palestine. It also suggests that an official British apology to the Palestinians is long overdue. A strikingly fair-minded book about one of the shabbiest and most sordid chapters in the history of the British Empire.’ -- Avi Shlaim, author of The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World ‘Policy of Deceit is the definitive scholarly work on the McMahon–Hussein correspondence and its afterlives. With this empirically rich and analytically rigorous book, Shambrook makes an important contribution to the study of Britain’s direct responsibility for the dispossession of the Palestinian people.’ -- Abdel Razzaq Takriti, Arab-American Educational Foundation Chair in Arab Studies, Rice University ‘Basing his narrative on painstaking archival research, Peter Shambrook shows precisely how British policymakers dodged and weaved in order to make the claim that Palestine was never included in the Hussein–McMahon agreement. His forensic dissection of this particular “policy of deceit” is an important contribution to the historiography of British rule in Palestine.’ -- Laila Parsons, Professor of Modern Middle East History, McGill University ‘Based on extensive research and a thorough survey of the relevant literature, this book grapples with the 100-year-old debate over whether Palestine was included in the territories that the British pledged to Hussein ibn Ali Sharif of Mecca, concluding that Palestine was indeed a twice-promised land. By unravelling why the truth has never been acknowledged by any British government, this revealing study sheds important light on the history of Arab–British relations. It is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the roots of the tension between the Arab world and the West.’ -- Raja Shehadeh, author of We Could Have Been Friends, My Father and I. A Palestinian Memoir ‘This is the most comprehensive and incisive exposure of the origins of the British betrayal of Palestine. Based on thorough archival research, it brings to a close an old historiographical debate by showing clearly that Britain pledged to make Palestine part of the Arab world during the First World War, and it reveals why this promise was concealed from the British public. Not only is this a vital correction regarding a crucial moment in Palestine’s history, it is also a call for contemporary Britain to acknowledge and apologise for its treachery towards the Palestinians.’ -- Ilan Pappe, Professor of History and Director of the European Centre for Palestine Studies, University of Exeter, and author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine ‘In this thorough and incisive piece of historical detective work, Peter Shambrook conclusively scotches some of the myths and delusions that for over a century have surrounded Britain’s handling of the future of Palestine. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, Shambrook shows in lucid detail, was incompatible with the commitment made by the British two years earlier to Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, that Palestine would come under independent Arab rule. A riveting account of a long-running saga of British double-dealing and evasion, Policy of Deceit is a rigorous, accessible and important contribution to the literature on Britain’s imperial role in the Middle East. The roots of the continuing conflict between Jews and Palestinians there, Shambrook shows, were “made in Britain”.’ -- Adam Sutcliffe, Professor of European History, King’s College London ‘Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915–16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca.’ -- John McHugo, author of A Concise History of the Arabs ‘Shambrook revisits the controversies around the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence of World War I, when the British government convinced the Sharif of Mecca to launch an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for the promise that Britain would recognise Arab independence after the war. He concentrates on the key question in the Correspondence debate: was Palestine included in Britain’s promise to Sharif Hussein? Dr Shambrook’s extensive research into a variety of public records, private papers and memoirs leads him to conclude that the British government not only included Palestine in its promise but also lied about it all along. Historians will find a refreshing reassessment of claims to the contrary made by such prominent historians as Isaiah Friedman and Elie Kedourie. Shambrook’s conclusions will doubtless generate new debate about Britain’s role in fostering one of the most bitter international conflicts of the past 100 years.’ -- Philip S. Khoury, Ford International Professor of History, MIT ‘Shambrook’s deft handling of the primary sources brilliantly brings to life how British imperial officials and politicians contrived to determine then defend an increasingly problematic policy in Palestine.’ -- Anthony Gorman, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh

'Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915-16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca. The failure by successive British governments to face the truth led to tragedy that endures to this day.' -- John McHugo, author of Syria: A Recent History 'A refreshing reassessment... Shambrook's conclusions will doubtless generate new debate about Britain's role in fostering one of the most bitter international conflicts of the past 100 years.' -- Philip S. Khoury, Ford International Professor of History, MIT 'In this thorough and incisive piece of historical detective work, Peter Shambrook conclusively scotches some of the myths and delusions that for over a century have surrounded Britain's handling of the future of Palestine. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, Shambrook shows in lucid detail, was incompatible with the commitment made by the British two years earlier to Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, that Palestine would come under independent Arab rule. A riveting account of a long-running saga of British double-dealing and evasion, Policy of Deceit is a rigorous, accessible and important contribution to the literature on Britain's imperial role in the Middle East. The roots of the continuing conflict between Jews and Palestinians there, Shambrook shows, were made in Britain .' -- Adam Sutcliffe, Professor of European History, King's College London

'Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915-16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca. The failure by successive British governments to face the truth led to tragedy that endures to this day.' -- John McHugo, author of Syria: A Recent History 'Shambrook revisits the controversies around the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence of World War I, when the British government convinced the Sharif of Mecca to launch an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for the promise that Britain would recognize Arab independence after the war. He concentrates on the key question in the Correspondence debate: was Palestine included in Britain's promise to Sharif Hussein? Dr Shambrook's extensive research into a variety of public records, private papers and memoirs leads him to conclude that the British government not only included Palestine in its promise but also lied about it all along. Historians will find a refreshing reassessment of claims to the contrary made by such prominent historians as Isaiah Friedman and Elie Kedourie. Shambrook's conclusions will doubtless generate new debate about Britain's role in fostering one of the most bitter international conflicts of the past 100 years.' -- Philip S. Khoury, Ford International Professor of History, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

'Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915-16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca. The failure by successive British governments to face the truth led to tragedy that endures to this day.' -- John McHugo, author of Syria: A Recent History

‘Magnificent… Shambrook’s book is a major historical achievement. He has solved the mystery of the sharif/McMahon agreement. He has overturned the century-long British narrative that Palestine was excluded from the agreement with the sharif. He has also disposed of the notion, promoted by scholars from Albert Hourani to Martin Gilbert, that the truth about the agreement was mysterious or elusive. More than that, he has shown that the sharif/McMahon correspondence may have contained greater legal weight than the famous promise to the global Jewish community two years later in the shape of the Balfour Declaration, which was a statement of intent and not (officially at any rate) an agreement between two parties.’ * Peter Oborne, Middle East Eye * ‘Deeply researched, powerfully argued and meticulously documented, Policy of Deceit lays bare Britain’s shameful record of lies, broken promises and betrayals that paved the way to the Zionist takeover of Palestine. It also suggests that an official British apology to the Palestinians is long overdue. A strikingly fair-minded book about one of the shabbiest and most sordid chapters in the history of the British Empire.’ -- Avi Shlaim, author of The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World ‘Policy of Deceit is the definitive scholarly work on the McMahon–Hussein correspondence and its afterlives. With this empirically rich and analytically rigorous book, Shambrook makes an important contribution to the study of Britain’s direct responsibility for the dispossession of the Palestinian people.’ -- Abdel Razzaq Takriti, Arab-American Educational Foundation Chair in Arab Studies, Rice University ‘Basing his narrative on painstaking archival research, Peter Shambrook shows precisely how British policymakers dodged and weaved in order to make the claim that Palestine was never included in the Hussein–McMahon agreement. His forensic dissection of this particular “policy of deceit” is an important contribution to the historiography of British rule in Palestine.’ -- Laila Parsons, Professor of Modern Middle East History, McGill University ‘Based on extensive research and a thorough survey of the relevant literature, this book grapples with the 100-year-old debate over whether Palestine was included in the territories that the British pledged to Hussein ibn Ali Sharif of Mecca, concluding that Palestine was indeed a twice-promised land. By unravelling why the truth has never been acknowledged by any British government, this revealing study sheds important light on the history of Arab–British relations. It is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the roots of the tension between the Arab world and the West.’ -- Raja Shehadeh, author of We Could Have Been Friends, My Father and I. A Palestinian Memoir ‘This is the most comprehensive and incisive exposure of the origins of the British betrayal of Palestine. Based on thorough archival research, it brings to a close an old historiographical debate by showing clearly that Britain pledged to make Palestine part of the Arab world during the First World War, and it reveals why this promise was concealed from the British public. Not only is this a vital correction regarding a crucial moment in Palestine’s history, it is also a call for contemporary Britain to acknowledge and apologise for its treachery towards the Palestinians.’ -- Ilan Pappe, Professor of History and Director of the European Centre for Palestine Studies, University of Exeter, and author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine ‘In this thorough and incisive piece of historical detective work, Peter Shambrook conclusively scotches some of the myths and delusions that for over a century have surrounded Britain’s handling of the future of Palestine. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, Shambrook shows in lucid detail, was incompatible with the commitment made by the British two years earlier to Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, that Palestine would come under independent Arab rule. A riveting account of a long-running saga of British double-dealing and evasion, Policy of Deceit is a rigorous, accessible and important contribution to the literature on Britain’s imperial role in the Middle East. The roots of the continuing conflict between Jews and Palestinians there, Shambrook shows, were “made in Britain”.’ -- Adam Sutcliffe, Professor of European History, King’s College London ‘Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915–16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca.’ -- John McHugo, author of A Concise History of the Arabs ‘Shambrook revisits the controversies around the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence of World War I, when the British government convinced the Sharif of Mecca to launch an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for the promise that Britain would recognise Arab independence after the war. He concentrates on the key question in the Correspondence debate: was Palestine included in Britain’s promise to Sharif Hussein? Dr Shambrook’s extensive research into a variety of public records, private papers and memoirs leads him to conclude that the British government not only included Palestine in its promise but also lied about it all along. Historians will find a refreshing reassessment of claims to the contrary made by such prominent historians as Isaiah Friedman and Elie Kedourie. Shambrook’s conclusions will doubtless generate new debate about Britain’s role in fostering one of the most bitter international conflicts of the past 100 years.’ -- Philip S. Khoury, Ford International Professor of History, MIT ‘Shambrook’s deft handling of the primary sources brilliantly brings to life how British imperial officials and politicians contrived to determine then defend an increasingly problematic policy in Palestine.’ -- Anthony Gorman, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh ‘A thorough examination of a subject with profound and ongoing ramifications.’ * Publishers Weekly *

'Crisply, forensically and objectively, Policy of Deceit refutes once and for all the contention that Britain excluded Palestine from the Arab lands to which it pledged independence in the 1915-16 correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca.' -- John McHugo, author of Syria: A Recent History 'Policy of Deceit is the definitive scholarly work on the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and its afterlives. With this empirically rich and analytically rigorous book, Shambrook makes an important contribution to the study of Britain's direct responsibility for the dispossession of the Palestinian people.' -- Professor Abdel Razzaq Takriti, Arab-American Educational Foundation Chair in Arab Studies, Rice University 'Based on extensive research and a thorough survey of the relevant literature, this superbly researched book grapples with the 100-year-old debate over whether Palestine was included in the territories that the British pledged to Hussein ibn Ali Sharif of Mecca, concluding that Palestine was indeed a twice-promised land. By unravelling why the truth has never been acknowledged by any British government, this revealing study sheds important light on the history of Arab-British relations. It is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the roots of the tension between the Arab world and the West.' -- Raja Shehadeh, author of We Could Have Been Friends, My Father and I. A Palestinian Memoir 'Basing his narrative on painstaking archival research, Peter Shambrook shows precisely how British policymakers dodged and weaved in order to make the claim that Palestine was never included in the Hussein-McMahon agreement. His forensic dissection of this particular policy of deceit is an important contribution to the historiography of British rule in Palestine.' -- Laila Parsons, Professor of Modern Middle East History, McGill University 'This is the most comprehensive and incisive exposure of the origins of the British betrayal of Palestine. Based on thorough archival research, it brings to a close an old historiographical debate by showing clearly that Britain pledged to make Palestine part of the Arab world during the First World War, and it reveals why this promise was concealed from the British public. Not only is this a vital correction regarding a crucial moment in Palestine's history, it is also a call for contemporary Britain to acknowledge and apologise for its treachery towards the Palestinians.' -- Ilan Pappe, Professor of History and Director of the European Centre for Palestine Studies, University of Exeter, and author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine 'In this thorough and incisive piece of historical detective work, Peter Shambrook conclusively scotches some of the myths and delusions that for over a century have surrounded Britain's handling of the future of Palestine. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, Shambrook shows in lucid detail, was incompatible with the commitment made by the British two years earlier to Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, that Palestine would come under independent Arab rule. A riveting account of a long-running saga of British double-dealing and evasion, Policy of Deceit is a rigorous, accessible and important contribution to the literature on Britain's imperial role in the Middle East. The roots of the continuing conflict between Jews and Palestinians there, Shambrook shows, were made in Britain .' -- Adam Sutcliffe, Professor of European History, King's College London 'Shambrook revisits the controversies around the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence of World War I, when the British government convinced the Sharif of Mecca to launch an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for the promise that Britain would recognise Arab independence after the war. He concentrates on the key question in the Correspondence debate: was Palestine included in Britain's promise to Sharif Hussein? Dr Shambrook's extensive research into a variety of public records, private papers and memoirs leads him to conclude that the British government not only included Palestine in its promise but also lied about it all along. Historians will find a refreshing reassessment of claims to the contrary made by such prominent historians as Isaiah Friedman and Elie Kedourie. Shambrook's conclusions will doubtless generate new debate about Britain's role in fostering one of the most bitter international conflicts of the past 100 years.' -- Philip S. Khoury, Ford International Professor of History, MIT 'Shambrook's deft handling of the primary sources brilliantly brings to life how British imperial officials and politicians contrived to determine then defend an increasingly problematic policy in Palestine.' -- Anthony Gorman, Senior Lecturer in Modern Middle Eastern History, University of Edinburgh

Author Information

Peter Shambrook is an independent scholar and historical consultant to the Balfour Project, which, acknowledging Britain’s historic and continuing responsibilities, works to advance equal rights for all in Palestine/Israel. He holds a PhD in modern Middle Eastern history from the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Cambridge, and over the course of his career he has held a number of research positions, including at Durham University and at the Centre for Lebanese Studies in Oxford. He is the author of French Imperialism in Syria, 1927–1936. He lives in Durham.

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