Overview

As space develops as a potential war fighting domain, so does the need to have ethical scrutiny. Since the 1960s there have been core space treaties that together with national laws, provide a clear framework for both military and civilian space activities, yet ethical questions still exist around space warfare. Is it appropriate to respond kinetically on earth to a threat in space? Does just war theory apply in space and does the remoteness of space lower or raise the threshold for armed conflicts? Will the creation of new space forces start a space arms race? New combat environments also create a number of new challenges, including whether future war in space will be conducted by robots or space marines, and how the dual-use nature of satellites will impact on their permissibility as targets in any future conflict. As technologies become more widespread, space may be threatened by the likes of non-state groups and rogue states, leading to a need to inhibit their movement in space. In space, differences are magnified; resources are especially scarce, risks are multiplied, and specialized medical care is a world away. The physical and psychological distance between combatants in modern warfare applies also to space and the impacts of remote warfare need to be considered including the potential for moral injury and psychological trauma. With greater military power comes greater responsibility and this responsibility is carried out at the end of a chain of decisions and technologies. This book’s relevancy will not be lost on students at service academies and staff colleges in preparing them for the task of emphasizing ethical responsibility in space to those whom they will lead in the future.

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9781912440290

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Reviews

The space domain is undergoing disruptive changes to the technologies brought to bear on a rapidly growing range of challenges by a rapidly growing cast of actors. It is very reasonable to assert “not if but when” as we consider the possibilities. Unfortunately, as the opportunities mount so do the risks, including the risk of “contested, congested and competitive” turning into conflict. At such a time, it is crucial for ongoing safe and secure access to space-based services that we actively consider the underpinning ethics – should we engage in a particular activity, not just can we achieve it technologically or legally? These are questions for both the seasoned space-faring nations and ambitious and agile newcomers alike. The excellent collection of thinking and analysis provided in this new book could not be more timely. Professor Russell Boyce FAIAA, Chair for Intelligent Space Systems, Director, UNSW Canberra Space Military Space Ethics is a crucial and timely addition to the field of professional military ethics. It is incumbent on military professionals to ‘think forward’ concerning the ethical application of emerging technology, as well as the ethical use of force in this new domain. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners from across the globe, Military Space Ethics will serve as a useful resource for military leaders, policy makers, and anyone interested in what the future of warfare may bring. Dr Rebecca Johnson, Marine Corps University, Quantico

The space domain is undergoing disruptive changes to the technologies brought to bear on a rapidly growing range of challenges by a rapidly growing cast of actors. It is very reasonable to assert not if but when as we consider the possibilities. Unfortunately, as the opportunities mount so do the risks, including the risk of contested, congested and competitive turning into conflict. At such a time, it is crucial for ongoing safe and secure access to space-based services that we actively consider the underpinning ethics - should we engage in a particular activity, not just can we achieve it technologically or legally? These are questions for both the seasoned space-faring nations and ambitious and agile newcomers alike. The excellent collection of thinking and analysis provided in this new book could not be more timely. Professor Russell Boyce FAIAA, Chair for Intelligence Space Systems, Director, UNSW Canberra Space Military Space Ethics is a crucial and timely addition to the field of professional military ethics. It is incumbent on military professionals to 'think forward' concerning the ethical application of emerging technology, as well as the ethical use of force in this new domain. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners from across the globe, Military Space Ethics will serve as a useful resource for military leaders, policy makers, and anyone interested in what the future of warfare may bring. Dr Rebecca Johnson, Marine Corps University, Quantico

Author Information

Nikki Coleman is a military ethicist who specialises in space ethics, obedience in the military, military bioethics, military ethics education, moral injury and PTSD.  Dr Coleman has consulted with NASA, the ESA, JAXA, the UN, US Space Command and a multitude of commercial space companies on space ethics over the past decade. She is a Senior Research Associate at the Case Western Reserve University Inamori International Center for Ethics and Excellence, leads the Space Ethics Research Group at UNSW Canberra Space and is the Senior Ethicist for the Royal Australian Air Force. In her spare time Nikki is a hot air balloon pilot.            Stephen Coleman is Associate Professor of Ethics and Leadership in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, with the University of NSW Canberra, at the Australian Defence Force Academy. He has published on a diverse range of topics in applied ethics, including military ethics, police ethics, space ethics, medical ethics, and the practical applications of human rights. His latest book is Military Ethics: An Introduction with Case Studies. Lieutenant General Christopher D. Miller, USAF (Ret) serves as the Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Chair for the Study of the Profession of Arms at the US Air Force Academy Center for Character and Leadership Development. His active military service included leadership as Air Force deputy chief of staff for strategic plans and programs, US Northern Command and NORAD’s director of strategy, plans and policy, and as the senior Air Force operational commander deployed in Afghanistan. He also commanded the Air Force's B-2 wing and B-1 bomber units, and held a wide variety of positions in policy analysis, international relations, human resources, aviation and academia. He was a 1980 distinguished graduate of the Air Force Academy, and earned graduate degrees from the U.S. Naval War College and Oxford University. Patrick Lin, PhD, is the director of the Ethics + Emerging Sciences Group, based at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, where he is a philosophy professor. Current affiliations include Stanford Law School, Czech Academy of Sciences, Center for a New American Security, World Economic Forum, and the 100- Year Study on AI. Previous affiliations include Stanford Engineering, US Naval Academy, Dartmouth College, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Iceland (Fulbright), New America Foundation, CAPPE, and UNIDIR. Dr. Lin is well published in technology ethics, including AI, robotics, space development, military and policing weapons, cyberwarfare, human enhancement, nanotechnology, and more. He regularly gives invited briefings to industry, media, and governments worldwide; and he teaches courses in ethics, technology, and law. Pauline Shanks Kaurin holds a PhD in Philosophy from Temple University, specializing in military ethics, just war theory, and applied ethics. She serves as the Stockdale Chair and Professor of Professional Military Ethics at the US Naval War College in the College of Leadership and Ethics. She also holds a BA in Philosophy and International Relations from Concordia College, MN and a MA in Philosophy from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. Recent publications include: “When Less is not More: Expanding the Combatant/Non-Combatant Distinction”; “With Fear and Trembling: A Qualified Defense of Non-Lethal Weapons” and Achilles Goes Asymmetrical: The Warrior, Military Ethics and Contemporary Warfare (Routledge 2014) and On Obedience: Contrasting Philosophies for Military, Citizenry and Community (US Naval Institute Press, 2020.)   She was Featured Contributor for The Strategy Bridge and has published in Clear Defense, The Wavell Room, Newsweek, War on the Rocks, Grounded Curiosity, US Naval Institute Proceedings, Just Security, as well as a variety of academic journals. She lives in Middletown, Rhode Island. Mr. Porras' areas of expertise include international space law and policy, emerging technology threats, international law, and political science. His main focus is the progressive development of sustainable norms of behavior for space activities. He was the resident technical expert for multiple UN bodies working on space security issues, including the Group of Governmental Experts on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) as well as Subsidiary Body 3 of the Conference on Disarmament (on PAROS). Mr Porras is a Board Member of the Space Court Foundation and a Member of the California Bar. He speaks English, French, Italian, and Spanish. Amy Hestermann-Crane is a Sergeant currently serving as an analyst in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).  In 2020, Hestermann-Crane became the first enlisted RAAF space analyst within the Australian Space Operations Centre.  She also dedicates her time to the RAAF Women’s Integrated Networking Group, where she focuses on promoting and providing opportunities within education and development, mentoring and coaching, and broader RAAF and community engagement.  Sergeant Hestermann-Crane has a passion for ethics and STEM, putting both interests to use as a member of the International Space Ethics Collaborative Research Team and the Space Generation Advisory Council.  She has completed a Bachelor of Communication and is working towards completing a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.), a Bachelor of Historical Inquiry and Practice and, a Master of Space Operations. Kaylee Verrier is an Aeronautical Engineer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). She graduated from the Australian Defence Force Academy in 2018, receiving her Bachelor in Aeronautical Engineering (with Honours) in 2019. She is also completing a master’s degree in Space Engineering at UNSW Canberra, due to graduate in 2022. She presented a conference paper to the International Society for Military Ethics in 2019, on the topic Development of Military Weapon Technology in Space and The Associated Threat Posed by Rogue States and Non-State Actors. She currently works within the Air Warfare Engineering Squadron, based at RAAF Base Edinburgh. Sheena M. Eagan is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Bioethics and Interdisciplinary Studies in the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University. Dr. Eagan holds a PhD in the medical humanities from the Institute for the Medical Humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston as well as a Master of Public Health from the Uniformed Services University. Her research and teaching have focused on medical ethics and the history of medicine, with a subspecialized focus on military medicine. Before coming to ECU, she worked as a defense sub-contractor providing ethics education to military service-members and their families. Dr. Eagan also held a variety of visiting scholar positions for Yale University, the Brocher Foundation, and the University of Belgrade. Dr. Eagan is the creator and president of the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities group for Military, Humanitarian and Disaster Medicine and has worked closely with the International Committee of Military Medicine. She has also worked with the NATO Center for Excellence in Military Medicine and maintains close connections with local military installations. Dr. Eagan has published articles in peer-reviewed journals, military-specific journals, and contributed to edited books on a variety of topics in military medicine. She has also given talks and lectures on here work in North America, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Her research interests include: Military Medical Ethics; Military Women’s Health; The History Of PTSD; Veteran Re-Integration; Moral Injury; Research Ethics; Medicine During The Holocaust; The History Of Military Medicine. Dr. Cassandra Steer is a Mission Specialist with the ANU Institute of Space (InSpace), and a Senior Lecturer at the ANU College of Law. She has been a consultant to the Australian, Canadian and US departments of Defence on these issues. Dr. Steer was formerly Acting Executive Director at the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Ethics and Rule of Law, Executive Director of Women in International Security - Canada, Executive Director of the McGill Institute of Air and Space Law, and Senior Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam. In 2011 Dr Steer was a Fulbright Scholar, and she has a degree in philosophy (UNSW); a civil law degree, a Masters of Laws and a PhD in International Criminal Law (University of Amsterdam). Dr. Steer is a member of the Australian Space Agency's technical Advisory group for Space Situational Awareness, and is the Canadian representative member on the International Law Association Space Law Committee, an Associate Expert on the Woomera Manual on the International Law of Military Space Operations, and a member of the International Institute of Space Law   Flight Lieutenant Jacobs joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 2011 and studied at the Australian Defence Force Academy completing a Bachelors in Arts and a Masters in Strategy and Security with a focus on the effectiveness of Air Power in countering insurgencies and non-state actors. Since graduating, Flight Lieutenant Jacobs has worked in the Directorate of International Engagement – Air Force, Head Quarters Joint Operations Command and the Air and Space Operations Centre. Nathan is a former Navy officer of over fifteen years now working as a Principal Consultant in capability delivery. He has a wide variety of experiences operation, headquarters support, projects, and planning. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in History, a Graduate Certificate in International Relations, a Master of Letters, and a Master of Policing, Intelligence and Counterterrorism, and in his spare time is also a fiction writer and editor specialising in Speculative Fiction. Professor Ibanga B. Ikpe has taught Contemporary Analytic Philosophy and Critical Thinking in the past 30 years and has variously taught at the University of Botswana, The National University of Lesotho, the University of Uyo and the University of Cross River State. He has also been visiting scholar at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica and Buffalo State College. He served as a Critical Thinking consultant to the Botswana Defence Command and Staff College and still teaches Critical Thinking and Military Ethics at the college. His research is mainly in the areas of Critical Thinking, Military Ethics, Philosophical Analysis and Philosophical Practice and has recently published in of Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, Human Affairs: Post-disciplinary Humanities & Social Sciences Quarterly, HASER: Revista Internacional de Filosofia Aplicada, Journal for Peace and Justice Studies and Journal of Humanities Therapy. He is certified by the American Philosophical Practitioners Association as a philosophical counsellor and is also a certified conflict mediator. Dr Jessica West is a Senior Researcher at the Canadian peace research institute Project Ploughshares. Her research and policy work focuses on technology, security, and governance with a particular interest in peace and security in outer space. Jessica interacts regularly with key United Nations bodies tasked with space security and space safety issues. She holds a PhD in global governance and international security from the Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier University. Jayden Park is an Electrical Engineer in the Royal Australian Air Force. He graduated from the Australian Defence Force Academy in 2018, and received his Bachelor in Electrical Engineering (Honours) in 2019. He is currently posted to the Joint Electronic Warfare Operational Support Unit (JEWOSU) based at DST Group Edinburgh. Dr Evie Kendal is a bioethicist and public health researcher at the Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology. Evie’s research interests include ethical dilemmas in emerging biotechnologies, space ethics, and public health ethics. Francisco Lobo is a Doctoral Researcher at the Department of War Studies, King’s College London. His research focuses on military ethics and human rights. He holds an LL.M. in International Legal Studies from New York University (Fulbright Scholar), a Master of International Law and an LL.B. degree from the University of Chile. He is a lecturer of International Law, Human Rights Law, International Criminal Law, and Legal Theory, in Santiago of Chile.  He has worked as an NYU Fellow of International Law and Human Rights at the UN International Law Commission (2018), where he assisted the Special Rapporteur on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (ius cogens). He has also worked as a legal adviser at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Chile (2019-2020).   David Whetham is Professor of Ethics and the Military Profession in the Defence Studies Department of King’s College London. He is the Director of the King’s Centre for Military Ethics located at the UK’s Joint Services Command and Staff College. David supports military ethics education in many different countries and has held Visiting Fellowships at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership, US Naval Academy Annapolis, the Centre for Defence Leadership and Ethics at the Australian Defence College in Canberra and at the University of Glasgow. He was a Mid-Career Fellow at the British Academy in 2017-18 and is currently a Visiting Professorial Fellow at the University of New South Wales. He is a member of the UK MoD AI Ethics Advisory Panel, and in 2020 he was appointed as an Assistant Inspector-General to the Australian Defence Force to assist in the final stages of the Afghanistan Inquiry. David is the Vice President of the European Chapter of the International Society for Military Ethics (Euro ISME).

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