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Author:   H.R. Pruppacher ,  J.D. Klett
Publisher:   Springer
Imprint:   Kluwer Academic Publishers
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1978
Dimensions:   Width: 17.00cm , Height: 3.70cm , Length: 24.40cm
Weight:   1.330kg
ISBN:  

9789027711069

ISBN 10:   9027711062
Pages:   714
Publication Date:   31 March 1980
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
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Table of Contents

1 Historical Review.- 2 Microstructure of Atmospheric Clouds and Precipitation.- 2.1 Microstructure of Clouds and Precipitation Consisting of Water Drops.- 2.1.1 Clouds and Fogs.- 2.1.2 Rain.- 2.2 Microstructure of Cloud and Precipitation Consisting of Ice Particles.- 2.2.1 Shape, Dimensions, Bulk Density, and Number Concentration of Ice Crystals.- 2.2.2 Shape, Dimensions, Bulk Density, and Number Concentration of Snowflakes, Graupel, and Hailstones.- 3 The Structure of Water Substance.- 3.1 Structure of an Isolated Water Molecule.- 3.2 Structure of Water Vapor.- 3.3 Structure of Ice.- 3.4 Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions.- 4 Equilibrium Between Water Vapor, Water, Aqueous Solutions, and Ice in Bulk.- 4.1 Useful Thermodynamic Relations.- 4.2 General Conditions for Equilibrium.- 4.3 Phase Rule.- 4.4 Ideal Versus Real Behavior of Dry Air, Water Vapor, and Moist Air.- 4.5 Chemical Potential of Water Vapor in Humid Air, and of Water in Aqueous Solutions.- 4.6 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Salt Solution and Water Vapor.- 4.7 Bulk Density of Ice, Water, and Aqueous Solutions.- 4.8 Latent Heat of Phase Change and its Temperature Variation.- 4.9 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- 4.10 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Salt Solution and Ice.- 5 Surface Properties of Water Substance.- 5.1 Surface Tension.- 5.2 Equilibrium Conditions.- 5.3 Phase Rule for Systems with Curved Interfaces.- 5.4 Water-Vapor Interface.- 5.4.1 Effect of Temperature on Surface Tension.- 5.4.2 Surface Tension of a Salt Solution.- 5.4.3 Radius Dependence of Surface Tension.- 5.5 Angle of Contact.- 5.6 Adsorption of Gases onto Solid Surfaces.- 5.7 Ice-Vapor Interface.- 5.7.1 Surface Energy of Ice.- 5.7.2 Wulff’s Theorem.- 5.7.3 Real Ice Surfaces.- 5.8 Ice-Water and Ice-Aqueous Solution Interfaces.- 5.9 Condensation, Deposition, and Thermal Accommodation Coefficients.- 6 Equilibrium Behavior of Cloud Drops and Ice Particles.- 6.1 General Equilibrium Relation for Two Phases Separated by a Curved Interface.- 6.2 Effect of Curvature on Latent Heat of Phase Change.- 6.3 Generalized Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- 6.4 Equilibrium Between a Pure Water Drop and Pure Water Vapor or Humid Air.- 6.5 Equilibrium Between an Aqueous Solution Drop and Humid Air.- 6.6 Equilibrium Between Humid Air and an Aqueous Solution Drop Containing a Solid Insoluble Substance.- 6.7 Equilibrium Conditions for Ice Particles.- 6.8 Experimental Verification.- 6.9 Equilibrium Growth of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles.- 7 Homogeneous Nucleation.- 7.1 Equilibrium Population of Embryos.- 7.1.1 Formal Statistical Mechanics Description.- 7.1.2 Classical Description.- 7.1.3 Modified Classical Description.- 7.1.4 Molecular Model Method.- 7.2 Nucleation Rate J.- 7.2.1 Equilibrium Approximation for J.- 7.2.2 Steady State Rate Approximation for J.- 7.3 Experimental Verification.- 8 The Atmospheric Aerosol.- 8.1 Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere.- 8.2 Atmospheric Aerosol Particles (AP).- 8.2.1 Formation of AP by Gas-to-Particle Conversion (GPC).- 8.2.2 Formation of AP by Mechanical and Chemical Disintegration and Dispersal at the Solid Earth Surface.- 8.2.3 Formation of AP by Mechanical Disintegration and Dispersal at the Surface of Oceans.- 8.2.4 AP from Extraterrestrial Sources.- 8.2.5 Rate of Emission of Particulate Matter into the Atmosphere.- 8.2.6 Residence Time (? AP) of AP.- 8.2.7 Water-Soluble Fraction of AP.- 8.2.8 Total Concentration and Vertical Variation of AP over Land.- 8.2.9 Total Concentration and Vertical Variation of AP over Oceans.- 8.2.10 Size Distribution of AP.- 8.3 Aerosol Substances in Cloud and Precipitation Water.- 9 Heterogeneous Nucleation.- 9.1 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN).- 9.1.1 Number Concentration of CCN.- 9.1.2 Mode of Action of Water-Soluble and Mixed CCN.- 9.1.3 Nucleation on Water-Insoluble. Partially Wettable CCN.- 9.1.3.1 Nucleation on a Planar Substrate.- 9.1.3.2 Nucleation on a Curved Substrate.- 9.1.4 Experimental Verification of Heterogeneous Water Drop Nucleation.- 9.2 Ice Forming Nuclei (IN).- 9.2.1 Number Concentration of IN.- 9.2.2 Sources of IN.- 9.2.3 Characteristic Features and Mode of Action of IN.- 9.2.3.1 Insolubility Requirement.- 9.2.3.2 Size Requirement.- 9.2.3.3 Chemical Bond Requirement.- 9.2.3.4 Crystallographic Requirement.- 9.2.3.5 Active-Site Requirement.- 9.2.4 Theory of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation.- 9.2.4.1 Classical Model.- 9.2.4.2 Extensions of the Classical Model.- 9.2.5 Heterogeneous Freezing of Supercooled Water Drops.- 9.2.6 Heterogeneous Freezing of Supercooled Aqueous Solution Drops.- 10 Hydrodynamics of Single Cloud and Precipitation Particles.- 10.1 Basic Governing Equations.- 10.2 Flow Past a Rigid Sphere.- 10.2.1 Classification of Flows According to Reynolds Number.- 10.2.2 Stream Function.- 10.2.3 The Drag Problem.- 10.2.4 Analytical Solutions for the Sphere.- 10.2.5 Numerical Approach to the Navier-Stokes Equation.- 10.2.6 Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equation with Experimental Results.- 10.3 Hydrodynamic Behavior of Water Drops in Air.- 10.3.1 Internal Circulation in Drops.- 10.3.2 Shape of Water Drops.- 10.3.3 Drop Oscillation.- 10.3.4 Drop Instability and Breakup.- 10.3.5 Terminal Velocity of Water Drops in Air.- 10.4 Hydrodynamic Behavior of Disks, Oblate Spheroids, and Cylinders.- 10.4.1 Circular Disks and Oblate Spheroids.- 10.4.2 Circular Cylinders.- 10.5 Motion of Ice Crystals, Snowflakes, Graupel, and Hailstones.- 11 Cooling of Moist Air.- 11.1 Water in the Atmosphere.- 11.2 Isobaric Cooling.- 11.3 Adiabatic Cooling of Unsaturated Air.- 11.4 Adiabatic Cooling of Saturated Air.- 11.5 Cooling with Entrainment.- 11.6 Governing Equations for a One-Dimensional Cloud.- 12 Mechanics of the Atmospheric Aerosol.- 12.1 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles.- 12.2 Particle Diffusion.- 12.3 Mobility and Drift Velocity.- 12.4 Sedimentation and the Vertical Distribution of Aerosol Particles.- 12.5 Brownian Coagulation of Aerosol Particles.- 12.6 Laminar Shear, Turbulence, and Gravitational Coagulation.- 12.6.1 Coagulation in Laminar Shear Flow.- 12.6.2 Coagulation in Turbulent Flow.- 12.6.2.1 Turbulent Shear Coagulation.- 12.6.2.2 Turbulent Inertial Coagulation.- 12.6.3 Gravitational Coagulation.- 12.7 Scavenging of Aerosols.- 12.7.1 Scavenging by Convective Diffusion.- 12.7.2 Scavenging by Thermophoresis and Diffusiophoresis.- 12.7.3 Scavenging by Turbulence.- 12.7.4 Scavenging by Gravitational or Inertial Impaction.- 12.7.5 Overall Scavenging Effects.- 12.8 Explanations for the Observed Size Distribution of the Atmospheric Aerosol.- 12.8.1 Quasi-Stationary Distributions (QSD).- 12.8.2 Self-Preserving Distributions (SPD).- 12.8.3 Quasi-Stationary Self-Preserving Distributions.- 12.8.4 Statistical Distributions.- 12.8.5 Power Law Solutions for a Source-Enhanced Aerosol.- 13 Diffusion Growth and Evaporation of Water Drops and Ice Crystals.- 13.1 Laws for Diffusion of Water Vapor and Heat.- 13.1.1 Diffusion of Water Vapor.- 13.1.2 Diffusion of Heat.- 13.2 Diffusional Growth of Aqueous Solution Drops.- 13.2.1 Growth of an Individual Stationary Drop.- 13.2.2 Diffusional Growth of a Population of Solution Drops of Negligible Fall Velocity.- 13.2.2.1 Condensation Growth in Cumuliform Clouds.- 13.2.2.2 Condensation Growth in Stratiform Clouds.- 13.2.3 Steady State Evaporation of Water Drops Falling in Subsa-turated Air.- 13.3 Diffusional Growth of Ice Crystals.- 13.3.1 Growth of a Stationary Ice Crystal.- 13.3.2 Growth of a Ventilated Ice Crystal.- 13.3.3 Growth Rate of Ice Crystal Faces-Ice Crystal Habit Change.- 14 Cloud Particle Interactions-Collision, Coalescence, and Breakup.- 14.1 The Basic Model for Drop Collisions.- 14.2 Definition of Collision Efficiency.- 14.3 The Superposition Method.- 14.4 The Boundary Value Problem Approach.- 14.4.1 The Quasi-Stationary Assumption.- 14.4.2 Two Spheres in Steady Stokes Flow.- 14.4.3 The Slip-Flow Correction in Stokes Flow.- 14.4.4 Two Spheres in Modified Oseen Flow.- 14.5 Enhancement of Gravitational Collection by Turbulence.- 14.6 Theoretical Collision Efficiencies of Water Drops in Air.- 14.6.1 The Case of Calm Air.- 14.6.2 The Case of Turbulent Air.- 14.7 Experimental Verification.- 14.8 Coalescence of Water Drops in Air.- 14.8.1 The Rebound Problem.- 14.8.2 Disruption Following Coalescence.- 14.9 Collisions of Ice Crystals with Water Drops.- 14.10 Collisions of Ice Crystals with Ice Crystals.- 15 Growth of Cloud Drops by Collision and Coalescence.- 15.1 Continuous Model for Collection Growth.- 15.2 Stochastic Model for Collection Growth.- 15.2.1 Completeness of the SCE.- 15.2.1.1 Three Models for Collection Growth.- 15.2.1.2 Correlations in a Stochastic Coalescence Process.- 15.2.2 Exact Solutions to the SCE.- 15.2.3 Approximation Techniques for the SCE.- 15.2.3.1 Method of Moments.- 15.2.3.2 Polynomial Approximations to the Gravitational Collection Kernel.- 15.2.4 Numerical Methods for the Collection Process.- 15.2.4.1 Method for Berry (1967) and Reinhardt (1972).- 15.2.4.2 Method of Kovetz and Olund (1969).- 15.2.4.3 Monte Carlo Method.- 15.2.5 Parameterization of the Collection Process.- 15.3 Representative Numerical Results for the Collection Process.- 15.4 Collection Growth with Condensation and Breakup.- 16 Microphysics of Ice Particle-Drop Interactions.- 16.1 Growth Mode and Structure of Rimed Ice Particles, Graupel, and Hailstones.- 16.2 Freezing Time of Water Drops.- 16.3 Structure and Growth Mode of Ice in Supercooled Water.- 16.4 Growth Rate of Ice in Supercooled Water.- 16.5 Growth Rate of Graupel and Hailstones.- 16.6 Ice Particle Multiplication Processes.- 16.7 Melting of Ice Particles.- 17 The Electrical State Of the Atmosphere and Its Effects on Cloud Microphysics.- 17.1 Electrical State of the Cloudless Atmosphere.- 17.2 Electrical State of the Atmospheric Aerosol.- 17.3 Electrical Conductivity in Clouds.- 17.3.1 Diffusion and Conduction of Ions to Cloud Drops.- 17.3.2 Conductivity in Weakly Electrified Clouds.- 17.3.3 Conductivity in Strongly Electrified Clouds.- 17.4 Cloud Electrification.- 17.4.1 Weakly Electrified Clouds.- 17.4.2 Strongly Electrified Clouds.- 17.4.2.1 Observed Charges and Fields.- 17.4.2.2 Models for Cloud Electrification.- 17.5 Effect of Electric Fields and Charges on Microphysical Processes.- 17.5.1 Drop and Ice Crystal Nucleation.- 17.5.2 Diffusional Growth of Ice Crystals.- 17.5.3 Drop Disruption and Corona Production.- 17.5.4 Drop Terminal Velocities.- 17.5.5 Collisional Growth Rate of Cloud Particles.- 17.5.6 Scavenging of Aerosol Particles.- Appendices.- A-4.9 Convenient Formulations for Determining the Saturation Vapor Pressure Over Water and Ice (Lowe and Ficke, 1974).- A-7.1 Relations from Statistical Mechanics.- A-10.1 Equations of Fluid Flow.- A-10.2.2 Stream Function Formulation for Axisymmetric, Incompressible Flow.- A-10.3.3 Drop Oscillations.- A-10.3.4 Rayleigh-Taylor Instability of Two Superposed Fluids.- A-12.4 Mutual Sedimentation and Diffusion of Aerosol Particles.- A-14.1 Nearest Neighbor Distance Between Cloud Drops.- A-14.3 Superposition Method for Stokes Flow.- A-14.4.2 Special Problems 1, 2, 3 for Two Spheres in Steady State Stokes Row.- A-14.4.3 Details of the Slip-Flow Correction.- A-14.4.4 Flow Field and Forces for Two Spheres in Modified Oseen Flow.- A-14.5 Drop Interactions in Turbulent Air (de Almeida, 1975).- A-15.2.1.2 Correlations in a Stochastic Coalescence Process (Bayewitz et al. 1974).- A-15.2.2 Particular Solutions to the SCE.- A-15.2.4.3 A Monte Carlo Algorithm for Stochastic Coalescence.- A-15.2.5 Parameterization of Accretion and Hydrometeor Self-Collection.- A-17.5.5 Two Charged Conducting Spheres in a Background Electric Field.- References.- List of Principal Symbols.- Table of Physical Constants.- Index of 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