Overview

During the past ten years a variety of methods involving mass spectrom- etry have been developed for the analysis of environmentally important compounds. Much has been accomplished in that period to solve some of the important problems in the field. Growth of this methodology and its accomplishments has reached the point where an individual scientist can no longer have an in-depth knowledge of all the areas involved. We have attempted to provide this in-depth picture to those scientists con- cerned by having the important topics treated by experts in the subject matter. In order to provide all the relevant material in one volume we begin with the general topics which provide the basic background material necessary to understand the techniques discussed in the in-depth topics. These general chapters are kept brief, containing only the essentials needed by the working scientist to deal with the practical applications. References in these chapters are chosen to permit a more complete study of each chapter. The concept for this book was developed during the activities of two of the editors under a NATO travel grant. These editors gratefully acknowledge this support which made the initial planning of this book possible. The editors would like to thank the individual authors of each chap- ter for their cooperation and generously giving of their time for this project.

Full Product Details

Author:   O. Hutzinger ,  F.W. Karasek ,  S. Safe
Publisher:   Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Imprint:   Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
Weight:   1.000kg
ISBN:  

9780306415524

ISBN 10:   0306415526
Pages:   618
Publication Date:   28 February 1985
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Undergraduate ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

1. General Principles of Analytical Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vacuum System.- 3. Sample Introduction.- 4. Ionization of Sample.- 4.1. Electron Impact (EI).- 4.2. Chemical Ionization (CI).- 4.3. Field Ionization (FI).- 4.4. Field Desorption (FD).- 4.5. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS).- 4.6. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB).- 4.7. Desorption Chemical Ionization (DCI).- 4.8. Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 4.9. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API).- 4.10. Californium-252 Plasma Desorption.- 5. Analyzer Systems.- 5.1. Quadrupole Mass Filters.- 5.2. Single-Focusing Magnetic Analyzers.- 5.3. Double-Focusing Magnetic Sector Instruments.- 5.4. Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) Spectrometers.- 5.5. Time-of-Flight (TOF) Instruments.- 6. Ion Detectors.- 6.1. Discrete-Dynode Electron Multiplier.- 6.2. Continuous-Electrode Electron Multiplier (Channeltron).- 6.3. Photographic Plates.- 6.4. Faraday Cup.- 6.5. Amplification and Recording of Mass Spectra.- 7. Special Techniques.- 7.1. Specific-Ion Detection.- 7.2. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS).- 7.3. Quantitation.- 7.4. Mass Measurement.- References.- 2. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/ Computer Instrumentation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Components.- 2.1. Gas Chromatograph Column.- 2.2. GC Injection Modes.- 2.3. GC/MS Interface.- 2.4. Mass Spectrometry-Sample Ionization.- 3. Mass Spectrometer Analyzers.- 4. GC/MS Applications.- 5. Computer Techniques.- 6. Special Instrumentation.- References.- 3. Field Desorption and Field Ionization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principle and Techniques.- 3. Application to Environmental Analysis.- 3.1. Air.- 3.2. Natural Aerosols.- 3.3. Food and Body Fluids.- 3.4. Water.- 3.5. Ultratrace Analysis for Metals in Environmental Samples.- References.- 4. Positive and Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1.2. Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 2. Applications.- 2.1. Studies of Chemical Reactivity.- 2.2. Studies of Complex Biological Molecules.- 2.3. Analysis of Complex Mixtures.- References.- 5. Use of Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Common Methods of Pyrolysis.- 2.1. Hot Ribbon or Filament Pyroprobes.- 2.2. Curie-Point Pyroprobes.- 2.3. Furnace-Heated Tube.- 3. General Techniques.- 3.1. Use of Pyrolysis in the Analysis of Bound Residues of Pesticides.- 3.2. Characterization of Soil Organic Matters.- References.- 6. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of APCI Mass Spectroscopy.- 3. Ion Source Design and Characteristics.- 4. Chemical Ionization at Atmospheric Pressure.- 5. Environmental Applications of APCI/MS.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 7. Mass Spectral Retrieval and Interpretation Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of Published Indexes.- 3. Computer Spectra Matching via Dedicated System.- 4. Computer Spectra Matching via Remote Terminal.- 4.1. PEAK Search.- 4.2. KB Search.- 4.3. PBM Search.- 5. Computerized Interpretation of a Mass Spectrum.- 6. Application to Analytical Problems.- 6.1. Illustration of Search Procedures.- 6.2. Eight-Peak Index.- 6.3. PEAK Search.- 6.4. Probability-Based Matching.- 6.5. Interpretation Using STIRS.- 7. Structure Determination.- References.- 8. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Water Pollution Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Computer-Assisted Analysis.- 2.1. Qualitative Analysis.- 2.2. Quantitative Analysis.- 3. Studies to Improve Quantitative Analyses.- 4. Water Analysis.- 5. A New Horizon in Comprehensive Analysis.- 5.1. Sample Handling.- 5.2. Internal Standards.- 6. Isolation of Organics.- 6.1. Extract Processing.- 6.2. Gas Chromatography.- 6.3. Qualitative Analysis.- 6.4. Quantitative Analysis.- 7. Quality Assurance.- References.- 9. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Air Pollution Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sampling Techniques.- 3. Extraction Techniques.- 3.1. Filter Samples.- 3.2. Adsorbent Samples.- 4. Fractionation.- 5. Bioassay Screening.- 6. GC/MS/Computer Analysis.- 6.1. Gas Chromatography.- 6.2. Sample Derivatization.- 6.3. Sample Introduction.- 6.4. Column Selection.- 6.5. GC/MS Interfaces.- 6.6. Packed Columns.- 6.7. Capillary Columns.- 6.8. Mass Spectrometry.- 6.9. Ionization Modes.- 6.10. Instrument Operation Modes.- 7. Data Analysis.- 7.1. Qualitative Analysis.- 7.2. Quantitative Analysis.- 8. Recent and Future Developments.- References.- 10. Poly Cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry.- 2.1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.2. Alkyl-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.3. Hetero-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.4. Derivatives of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.- 4. Soft Ionization Techniques.- References.- 11. Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 1. Mass Spectra of Pure Compounds.- 1.1. Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry.- 1.2. Positive Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1.3. Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 2. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Data System.- 2.1. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Data System (GC/MS/DS) Analysis.- 2.2. Subset Data Acquisition Techniques.- 3. Analysis of PCBs by Glass Capillary GC/MS.- 4. GC/MS of PCBs in Biological Samples.- 5. PCB Metabolites.- 5.1. Hydroxylated PCB Metabolites.- 5.2. Hydroxylated Monochlorobiphenyls.- 5.3. Hydroxylated Dichlorobiphenyls.- 5.4. Hydroxylated Tetrachlorobiphenyls.- 5.5. Hydroxylated Pentachlorobiphenyls.- 5.6. Hydroxylated Hexachlorobiphenyls.- 5.7. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites of PCBs.- 5.8. Methylthio-PCBs.- 5.9. Methylsulfonyl-PCBs.- References.- 12. Polychlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans.- 1. Electron Impact Mass Spectra.- 2. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra.- 2.1. Positive Chemical Ionization.- 2.2. Negative Chemical Ionization.- 3. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) Mass Spectrometry.- 4. Metastable Ions.- 5. Interfering Compounds in Electron Impact Mass Spectra of PCDDs and PCDFs.- 5.1. Compounds Interfering with 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD.- 5.2. Potentially Interfering Compounds for PCDDs and PCDFs.- 6. Direct-Probe Analytical Techniques.- 6.1. Electron Impact.- 6.2. Chemical Ionization.- 7. GC/MS Methods.- 7.1. Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs by Packed-Column GC/MS.- 7.2. Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs by Capillary GC/MS.- 7.3. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins.- 8. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods-GC/MS/MS.- 8.1. Chromatographic Cleanup and Qualitative Methods.- 8.2. Quantification with SIM and Internal Standards.- 8.3. Perchlorination.- 8.4. High-Resolution versus Low-Resolution Mass Spectral Techniques.- 9. Metabolites of PCDDs and PCDFs.- 9.1. Hydroxylated PCDDs as Their Methyl Ethers.- 9.2. Hydroxylated PCDFs as Their Methyl Ethers.- 9.3. PCDD Metabolites.- References.- 13. DDT and Related Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electron Impact Spectra.- 2.1. DDT and Derivatives Containing Chlorophenyl Groups.- 2.2. Metabolites Oxygenated in the Aromatic Rings; Amino Acid Conjugates.- 2.3. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites.- 2.4. Photoproducts.- 2.5. Related Compounds.- 3. Ion Kinetic Spectra.- 4. Chemical Ionization Spectra.- 5. Field Desorption (FD) Spectra.- 6. Mass Fragmentography.- References.- 14. Volatile Halocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Chlorofluorocarbons.- 1.2. Trihalomethanes and Similar Compounds.- 2. Mass Spectrometry of Halocarbons.- 3. Instrumentation for Analysis.- 4. Chlorofluorocarbons in Atmospheric Samples.- 5. Volatile Halocarbons in Water.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Direct Aqueous Injection.- 5.3. Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- 5.4. Headspace Analysis.- 5.5. Direct Sampling.- 5.6. Theoretical.- 5.7. Dynamic Headspace Sampling.- 5.8. Origins.- References.- 15. Phthalates and Related Plasticizers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence of Plasticizers in Environmental Samples.- 3. Analytical Aspects.- 4. Mass Spectral Properties.- 4.1. Phthalates.- 4.2. Phosphate Esters.- 4.3. Other Plasticizers: Adipates, Sebacates, Citrates, Phthalyl Glycolates, Trimellitates.- References.- 16. Organometallic Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mass Spectrometry.- 3. Arsenic.- 4. Mercury.- 5. Tetraalkyltin and Tetraalkyllead Compounds.- 6. Tin.- 7. Lead.- References.- 17. MAss Spectrometry of Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, Dithiocarbamates, Urea, Thiourea, and Carboxanilide Pesticides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.1. EI Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.2. CI Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.3. Other Ionization Methods for Carbamates.- 3. Thiocarbonates.- 4. Thiocarbamates.- 4.1. Dithiocarbamates.- 4.2. Thiuramdisulfides.- 5. Urea and Thiourea Herbicides.- 5.1. N-Phenylureas.- 5.2. Thioureas.- 5.3. Carboxanilides.- 5.4. Trifluralin.- References.- 18. Mass Spectrometry of Chlorinated Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Pesticides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dimethanonaphthalenes.- 2.1. Dieldrin.- 2.2. Endrin.- 2.3. Dieldrin and Aldrin.- 2.4. Isodrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Nonachlor, and Chlordanes.- 2.5. Mirex and Kepone.- 2.6. Toxaphene.- References.- 19. Triazine Herbicides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Atrazine and Simazine.- 3. Methoxy-s-Triazines.- 4. Cyanazine, Cyanatryn, and Procyazine.- 5. Cyprazine.- 6. Terbutryn.- 7. Dialkylamino-Substituted Chloro-s-Triazines.- 8. Hexazinone.- 9. Metribuzin.- References.- 20. Other Herbicides: Diphenyl Ethers, Dinitroanilines, Dinitrophenols, Substituted Benzoic Acids, Phosphonates, Uracils, and Dipyridyliums.- 1. Diphenyl Ether Herbicides.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Fluorodifen.- 1.3. Diclofop-Methyl.- 1.4. Oxyfluoren, Nitrofen, and CNP.- 2. Dinitroaniline and Dinitrophenol Herbicides.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Dinitroanilines.- 2.3. Dinitrophenols.- 3. Substituted Benzoic Acid and Benzonitrile Herbicides.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Chloramben.- 3.3. Bromoxynil.- 3.4. Dicamba.- 4. Phosphonate Herbicides.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Glyphosate.- 5. Uracil Herbicides.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Terbacil and Bromacil.- 6. Pyridylium Herbicides.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Diquat, Paraquat, and Cyperquat.- References.- 21. Organophosphorus Compounds.- 1. Mass Spectrometry as a Tool in Analytical Chemistry.- 2. General Principles of the Mass Spectra of OPs.- 3. EI Mass Spectra of OPs.- 3.1. Proportion of Ion Current Containing Phosphorus Ions.- 3.2. Molecular Ion Abundance.- 3.3. Losses of Radicals (R?) From A or B.- 3.4. Loss of (R-H).- 3.5. Loss of Mass 32 (S).- 3.6. Maximization of PXH Groups.- 3.7. P(S)-OR versus P O)-SR.- 4. Procedures for Quantitative Mass Spectroscopy.- 5. Detection of Metabolites in MR Analysis of Phosphorus Acids and Hydrogen Phosphites.- 6. Positive-Ion Chemical Ionization (PCI).- 7. Negative Ionization (NI) and Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 8. Desorption and Ionization Techniques.- 9. Phosphorylation in the Analysis of Amines, Phenols, Alcohols, and Thiols.- 10. Mass Spectroscopy in Analysis of OPs-An Overview.- References.- 22. Fungicides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Considerations.- 2.1. Electron Ionization.- 2.2. Other Ionization Processes.- 2.3. Authenticated Standards.- 3. Analytical Applications.- 4. Confirmation of Structure.- 5. Breakdown and Metabolic Studies.- 6. Systemic Fungicide Studies.- References.- 23. Pyrethroids.- 1. Analysis of Pyrethroids.- 2. General Principles for Applications of Mass Spectroscopy (MS).- 3. EI Mass Spectra of Pyrethroids.- 4. Positive-Ion Chemical fonization (PCI) Mass Spectra of Pyrethroids.- 5. Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 6. Structural Characterization and MS/MS.- References.- 24. Mass Spectrometry of Some Female Lepidopteran Sex Pheromones and Related Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GLC/MS) Instrumentation.- 3. Mass Spectrometry of Saturated and Unsaturated Long-Chain Aliphatic Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.1. Mass Spectrometry of Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.2. Chemical Ionization of Saturated and Unsaturated Long-Chain Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.3. CI (Nitric Oxide).- 3.4. Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) of Saturated and Unsaturated Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 4. Mass Spectrometry of Derivatives of Unsaturated Compounds.- 4.1. Hydrogenation or Deuteration.- 4.2. Ozonolysis.- 4.3. Epoxidation.- 4.4. Silylation.- 4.5. Methoxymercuration-Demercuration.- 4.6. Trimethylsilyloxy and O-Isopropylidene Derivatives.- References.- 25. Mass Spectrometry of N-Nitrosamines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dialkyl N-Nitrosamines.- 3. Heterocyclic N-Nitrosamines.- 4. Alicylcic N-Nitrosamines.- 5. Aromatic Nitrosamines.- 6. Nonvolatile N-Nitrosamines.- 7. Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of N-Nitrosamines.- References.- 26. Other Industrial Pollutants and Natural Toxins.- 1. Industrial Pollutants.- 2. Fungal and Plant Toxins.- References.

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