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The Role of Banks in Economic Development The economic development of a country relies heavily on the pivotal role played by banks. Banks not only contribute significantly to economic growth but also play a crucial role in ensuring the financial stability of a nation. In emerging economies, banks hold special significance for three primary reasons. First, they actively foster the development of financial intermediaries and markets. Second, due to the absence of well-developed equity and bond markets, the corporate sector heavily relies on banks to fulfill its financing requirements. Third, in emerging markets like India, banks address the needs of a vast number of savers from the household sectors who prioritize stable income, liquidity, and the safety of their money, primarily due to their limited capacity to manage financial risks effectively. Evolution of Banking in a Changing Landscape Over the years, the forms of banking have undergone transformation in response to the evolving needs of the economy. Deregulation, technological advancements, and globalization have brought about a significant transformation in the banking and financial system. Banks have expanded their operations into areas that were traditionally beyond their scope, while non-banking intermediaries have started to assume many of the functions traditionally performed by banks. Consequently, banks find themselves competing not only amongst themselves but also with non-banking entities. This competition has intensified over time, compelling banking institutions worldwide to introduce innovative products, identify new sources of income, and diversify into non-traditional functions. Developed countries' financial institutions have effectively harnessed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a marketing tool in this regard. Challenges and Transformation in the Indian Banking Sector The Indian banking sector, which operated in a bureaucratic fashion before 1991, underwent a massive transformation following the opening up of the economy. The sector has faced unprecedented challenges with the advent of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) in the Indian economy. Today, banks in India confront intense pressure in the volatile marketplace, driven by steep competition, globalization, escalating customer demands, and heightened exposure to credit risks. This pressure compels banks to explore innovative ways to enhance their profitability and sustainability.

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