Overview

Written by multidisciplinary experts in medicine, chemistry, and architecture, this book examines chemical sensitivity (CS). In 15 chapters fitted to 15 lectures, it discusses not only the medical explanation, but also the environmental factors of this hypersensitive reaction, such as chemistry and architectural aspects. The book overviews pollution-induced diseases such as Minamata Disease. It also points out the similarity of modern hypersensitivity syndromes to historical pollution diseases from the viewpoints of not only natural scientific aspects, but also social understanding of the disease.

Full Product Details

Author:   Yukio Yanagisawa (University of Tokyo, Japan) ,  Hiroshi Yoshino (Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan) ,  Satoshi Ishikawa (Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan) ,  Mikio Miyata
Publisher:   Taylor & Francis Inc
Imprint:   CRC Press Inc
Weight:   0.430kg
ISBN:  

9781466556348

ISBN 10:   146655634
Pages:   194
Publication Date:   06 January 2017
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

Introduction Chapter 1 Present Status of Chemical Sensitivity 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Disease Registration of CS 1.1.2 CS Studies in Europe 1.1.3 CS Studies in Japan 1.1.4 Sick-Building/House Syndrome 1.2 Clinical Symptoms 1.3 Psychiatric and Social Aspects 1.4 Chemical Agents Implicated in CS 1.5 Why the Diagnosis of CS Is Difficult 1.5.1 Reasons for the Lack of Understanding of CS Chapter 2 Effects of Chemical Sensitivity on Patients’ Daily Lives 2.1 Effects of Chemical Sensitivity 2.2 Countermeasures 2.2.1 Making Your Home, Workplace, and School Environment Safe 2.2.2 Food and Digestive Issues 2.2.3 Caution in Use of Daily Products 2.2.4 Avoidance of Environmental Chemicals 2.2.5 Effects of Electromagnetic Waves 2.2.5.1 ES and International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD Chapter 3 Promoting Understanding of Chemical Sensitivity 3.1 Medical Insurance in Japan 3.2 Understanding of CS at the Judicial Level 3.3 Education 3.3.1 Specific Education of Medical Doctors 3.3.2 Specific Education for Dentists 3.3.3 Specific Education for the Healthcare Team 3.3.4 Patient Education for a Comfortable Daily Life 3.3.5 Education of Laypersons Chapter 4 Medical Facts 4.1 Acute Toxicology, Intermediate Syndrome 4.2 Chronic Toxicology 4.3 Animal Experiments Using Extremely Low Dosages... 4.4 Research on the Mechanism of CS 4.4.1 Detoxification 4.4.2 Nervous Sensitivity Acquisition Chapter 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Detailed and Careful Interview 5.2 Neuro-Ophthalmological and Neurological Examinations in Conjunction with Ordinary Clinical Examinations in Japan 5.2.1 Tracking Eye Movement Examination 5.2.2 Pupillary Function 5.2.3 Standing Ability 5.2.4 Contrast Sensitivity Examination of Higher Visual Centers 5.2.5 Accommodation Examination of Eyes 5.2.6 Cerebral Function Examination 5.2.7 Immune Examination 5.2.8 Respiratory Function 5.2.9 Peripheral Venous Blood Oxygen Concentration 5.3 Chemical Load Tests 5.3.1 Use of a Clean Room 5.3.2 Determination of Causative Chemicals (Challenge Test) Chapter 6 Treatment of Patients with Chemical Sensitivity 6.1 Avoidance of Chemical Substances 6.1.1 Food 6.1.3 Air 6.1.3.1 Use of an Air Purifier 6.1.4 Clothes. 6.1.5 Medicine 6.2 Detoxification 6.2.1 Spa, Hot Spring, Bath, Low-Temperature Sauna 6.2.2 Drug Treatment 6.2.2.1 Conjugation 6.2.2.2 Vitamins 6.2.2.3 Symptomatic Therapy 6.2.2.4 Minerals 6.2.2.5 EDTA, Penicillamine, PAM, and Others 6.3 Alternative Therapy 6.3.1 Prayer and Meditation in Zen Buddhism 6.3.2 Eastern Medicine and Alternative Medicine 6.4 Nutritional Instruction Chapter 7 Chemical Sensitivity in Children 7.1 General Symptoms 7.1.1 Formaldehyde Concentration and Symptoms 7.1.2 TVOC Concentration and Symptoms 7.1.3 Red Cell Cholinesterase 7.2 Effects of Indoor Chemicals on the Intelligence and Cognitive Function of Children 7.2.1 Evaluation of Intelligence 7.2.2 WISC-III Test Results and Concentration of Indoor Chemicals 7.2.3 Development of Sick-House Syndrome 7.3 Case Report of CS in a Young Boy Who Had Been Treated with Sumatriptan Succinate and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Chapter 8 Multiple Chemical Sensitivity—Medical Aspects from Germany 8.1 Chemical Sensitivity 8.2 Biochemical Individuality 8.3 Randolph’s Specific Adaptation Syndrome in Response to Environmental Stressors 8.4 Causes: Fire in the Body and the Brain 8.5 Diagnostic Program Recommended for CS Patients 8.5.1 Metabolic and Nutritional Status (Organic Acid Profiles), Toxins 8.5.2 Toxic Metals 8.5.3 Phthalates and Parabens Profile 8.5.3.1 Why Assess Phthalate and Paraben Levels? 8.5.3.2 Where Are Phthalates and Parabens Found? 8.5.4 Bisphenol A 8.5.5 Hidden Food Allergies 8.5.5.1 Gluten Sensitivity Can Cause Neurological and Autoimmune Disease......64 8.5.6 Stool and Digestive Analysis......................... 8.5.6.1 Why Use Stool Analysis 8.6 Therapy: The DNA Concept 8.7 HEPAR-TOX Detoxification 8.8 Ecological Architecture and Environmental Medicine 8.8.1 New Projects in Wolfhagen—The Historic City in the Land of the Brothers Grimm Chapter 9 Emission Rate of Chemical Compounds in Building Products and Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Categories of Chemical Substances 9.3 Building Products and Materials 9.4 Emission Tests Using a Chamber 9.4.1 Small-Chamber Method 9.4.2 Large-Chamber Method 9.4.3 Desiccator Method 9.4.4 Passive Method 9.4.5 Microchamber Method for SVOCs 9.5 Labeling 9.5.1 Formaldehyde 9.5.2 VOCs. 9.5.2.1 For VOC Standard. Chapter 10 Ventilation Strategies for Each Kind of Building and Statutory Regulations 10.1 History and Background of Indoor Air Pollution Measures in Japan 10.1.1 Before the Dawn of Measures against Sick Houses 10.1.2 Design Assumption and Strategy of Measures against the Indoor Air Pollution Problem 10.2 Statutory Regulations for Indoor Air Quality 10.2.1 Technical Standards in the Amended Building Standard Law 10.2.2 Regulation Regarding the Use of Building Materials Containing Formaldehyde and Installation of Ventilation 10.2.2.1 Restrictions on Interior Finishing 10.2.2.2 Mandatory Installation of Ventilation 10.2.2.3 Restrictions Concerning Attic and Adjacent Concealed Spaces 10.2.3 Technical Standards in the Housing Quality Assurance Act 10.2.4 Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings 10.2.5 Indoor Air Pollution Following the Amendment of the Building Standard Law in 2003 10.3 Types and Features of Ventilation Systems 10.3.1 Types of Ventilation 10.3.2 Methods of Selecting a Mechanical Ventilation System 10.4 Trends in Technology Development and Energy-Saving Performance 10.4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System Utilizing Low- Power Input Motors 10.4.2 Demand-Controlled Ventilation 10.4.3 Mechanical Ventilation Systems with a Heat Exchanger 10.4.4 Hybrid Ventilation System 10.5 Important Points for Planning and Operation of Ventilation Systems 10.5.1 Planning of the Ventilation Path 10.5.2 Notes for Calculating Pressure Drops 10.5.3 Notes on Construction 10.5.4 Notes Concerning Regular Maintenance 10.5.5 Steps for Ventilation Planning 10.6 Ventilation Equipment in Large Buildings 10.6.1 Ventilation in Designated Buildings 10.6.2 Ventilation Systems Except Those Employed in Centrally Controlled HVAC Systems Chapter 11 Ventilation, Air-Tightness, and Air Pollution 11.1 Outline of the Measurement Survey 11.1.1 Survey Period and Investigated Houses 11.1.2 Survey Points and Measurement Method 11.2 Measurement Results 11.2.1 Air-Tightness of Houses 11.2.2 Ventilation Rate of the Ventilation System 11.3 Comparison of Air-Tightness, Ventilation System, and Chemical Substance Concentrations 11.3.1 Comparison of Air-Tightness and Chemical Substance Concentrations 11.3.2 Comparison of Air Change Rate and Chemical Substance Concentrations 11.4 Conclusions Chapter 12 Chemical Features of Indoor Pollutants and Current Regulations 12.1 Usage and Sources of Chemical Species Detected in Indoor Environments 12.1.1 Artificial Wooden Boards and Adhesives 12.1.2 Paint 12.1.3 Fungicides, Repellents, Mothballs, Air Fresheners, and Disinfectants 12.1.4 Plasticizers and Flame Retardants 12.1.5 Smoking and Burning Appliances 12.1.6 Secondary Generated Compounds 12.1.7 Contaminants in Outdoor Air 12.1.8 Unknown Pollutants 12.2 Determination of Pollutants from the View of Health Effects 12.2.1 Target Health Effects 12.2.1.1 Sick-House Syndrom 12.2.1.2 Asthma 12.2.1.3 Endocrine Disruption 12.2.1.4 Cancer 12.2.2 Field Survey of Indoor Pollution 12.3 Risk Assessment 12.3.1 What Is Risk Assessment 12.3.2 Hazard Assessment 12.3.3 Exposure Assessment 12.3.4 Risk Assessment 12.4 Enforcement and Effect of Regulations 12.4.1 Time Course of Regulations 12.4.2 Impact of Regulations Chapter 13 Methods for Measurement of Indoor Pollution 13.1 Methods for Measurement of Indoor Concentration 13.1.1 Integration Measurement 13.1.1.1 Active Method 13.1.1.2 Passive Method 13.1.1.3 Subject Compounds, Carbonyl Compounds, VOCs, TVOCs, SVOCs 13.1.2 Instant Measurement 13.1.2.1 Subject Compounds, TVOCs, Formaldehyde 13.1.2.2 On-Site Method of Measuring Source Intensity and Ventilation Rate 13.1.3 Combined Application of Integration Measurement and Instant Measurement................... 130 13.1.3.1 Peak Capture Method................................ 131 13.2 Methods of Measuring the Emission Rate of Building Materials................................................................................. 131 13.2.1 Desiccator Method.................................................... 131 13.2.2 Chamber Method....................................................... 132 13.2.3 On-Site Measurement Method.................................. 133 13.2.3.1 Field and Laboratory Emission Cell.......... 133 13.2.3.2 Passive Emission Colorimetric Sensor...... 133 13.2.3.3 Passive Flux Sampler................................. 134 13.2.3.4 Advanced Diffusive Sampling Emission Cell............................................. 135 13.3 Methods of Measuring Personal Exposure Amount.............. 135 13.3.1 Active Sampling–Passive Sampling Method............ 135 13.3.1.1 Search for Causative Compound of Chemical Sensitivity.............................. 135 13.3.2 Instant Measurement Method.................................... 136 13.3.2.1 TVOCs and HRV....................................... 136 Endnotes............................................................................................ 136 Chapter 14 The Current Situation and Shift in Approaches to Indoor Air Pollution............................................................................................ 139 Miyuki Noguchi 14.1 Framework of Laws and Regulations..................................... 139 14.1.1 Housing Quality Assurance Act................................ 139 14.1.2 School Health and Safety Act................................... 139 14.1.3 Act on Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings........ 140 14.1.4 Revised Building Standards Act............................... 140 14.1.5 Indoor Density Guideline Value................................ 141 xii Contents 14.2 Trends after Determination of Guideline Values................... 142 14.2.1 Advantageous Effect of Formaldehyde Labeling...... 142 14.2.1.1 Formaldehyde Concentration in New Residential Housing................................... 142 14.2.2 Composition of VOCs............................................... 143 14.2.2.1 Significant Reduction of Concentrations of Guideline Substances................................................. 143 14.2.2.2 High Concentration Substances (TVOCs, Acetaldehyde, Aliphatic Compounds, etc.)....................................... 143 14.2.3 Widespread Use of Alternative Substances............... 143 14.2.3.1 Low Formaldehyde Emission Adhesives.... 145 14.2.3.2 Water-Based Paint and Ink........................ 145 14.2.3.3 Increased Use of Aliphatic Compounds.... 145 14.2.4 Temporal Change of Indoor TVOC Concentration.... 146 14.2.5 Trends of Social Recognitions for Indoor Air Pollution: New and Remodeled Houses.................... 146 14.2.5.1 Completion Checks by the Housing Quality Assurance Act............................... 146 14.2.5.2 Widespread Indoor Air Pollution with Nonregulated Substances.................. 146 14.2.5.3 Recognition That SHS Was Resolved........ 147 14.2.6 Change in Social Recognition of Indoor Air Pollution: Routine Countermeasures......................... 147 14.2.6.1 Air Cleaners............................................... 148 14.2.6.2 Oxidative Decomposition.......................... 148 14.2.6.3 Secondary Pollutants................................. 148 14.3 Required or Recommended Countermeasures....................... 148 14.3.1 Regulation of TVOC Concentration.......................... 148 14.3.1.1 Enforcement of the Elimination Period..... 149 14.3.1.2 Information Sharing Among the Relevant Parties................................... 149 14.3.2 Collecting Information from Medical Doctors......... 149 14.3.2.1 Selection Method for New Guideline Substances................................................. 149 14.4 Formulation of Counseling or Inquiry Systems for Patients and New Occupants............................................. 150 Chapter 15 Investigation of Indoor Environments and Occupants’ Health in Sick Houses................................................................................... 151 Hiroshi Yoshino, Sachiko Hojo, and Rie Takaki 15.1 Field Survey on Indoor Air Quality, Building Performance, and Occupants’ Health of 62 Sick Houses....... 151 15.1.1 Description of the Investigation................................ 151 Contents xiii 15.1.1.1 Investigated Houses................................... 151 15.1.1.2 Investigation of Building Performance and the Indoor Environment...................... 152 15.1.1.3 Survey Questionnaire about Health Conditions.................................................. 153 15.1.2 Results....................................................................... 153 15.1.2.1 Results of Chemical Substance Concentration Measurements.................... 153 15.1.2.2 Relationship between Formaldehyde Concentration and Air-Tightness Measurement.............................................. 153 15.1.2.3 Relationship between Formaldehyde Concentration and Air Change Rate.......... 155 15.1.2.4 Sick-House Syndrome Based on the QEESI® Questionnaire 15.1.3 Chemical Substance Concentration and Occupants’ Symptoms 15.1.3.1 Relationship between Chemical Substance Concentration and SHS 15.1.3.2 Relationship between Chemical Substance Concentration and Severity of Symptoms 15.1.4 Conclusion 15.2 Long-Term Observations Mainly for 30 Houses 15.2.1 Investigated Houses 15.2.2 Results of the Investigation 15.2.2.1 Relationship between Chemical Substance Concentration and Building Age 15.2.2.2 Yearly Changes of Occupants’ Symptoms 15.2.3 Change of Symptoms and Chemical Substance Concentrations 15.2.3.1 Change of Symptoms in Response to Countermeasures against Mitigation of SHS 15.2.3.2 Decrease of Chemical Substance Concentration in Response to Countermeasures against Sick Houses 15.2.4 Conclusions Chapter 16 Round Table Discussion 16.1 The Current Situation of Indoor Air Pollution 16.2 Medical Correlations in Japan 16.3 Government Actions 16.4 Patients’ Compensation 16.5 Damp Buildings 16.6 Trade-Offs

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Yukio Yanagisawa is Professor Emeritus in Environmental Systems at University of Tokyo, Japan. Satoshi Ishikawa is Professor Emeritus in Environmental Medicine at Kitasato University, Japan. Hiroshi Yoshino is Professor Emeritus in Architecture at Tohoku University, Japan. Mikio Miyata is Professor Emeritus in Environmental Medicine at Kitasato University, Japan.

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