Overview

This comprehensive text is developed for B.Tech., B.Sc. (Hons. electronics). M.Sc. (electronics), Diploma, AMIE, etc. provides a sound basis for understanding the subject. The primary objective of this text is to provide all the relevant topics on the subject in accordance with latest syllabi of various universities. The book is written in simple, lucid language along with all essential mathematical derivations and supported by typical solved numerical problems. Features: Emphasizes on concepts and essential mathematical derivations supported by self-explanatory diagrams Includes recent advances in the field Subject matter is presented in from elementary to advanced level in a unique manner At the end of each chapter good number of typical worked out problems are given Each chapter contains review questions, short answer questions, objective questions. This makes the book useful for GATE, NET/SLET and other Entrance examinations. At the end of each chapter summary is provided which helps in reviewing the entire chapter in a short time. The book is student friendly, thought provoking and innovative.

Full Product Details

Author:   S.L. Kakani ,  K.C. Bhandari
Publisher:   Viva Books
Imprint:   Viva Books
Edition:   2nd Revised edition
Weight:   0.525kg
ISBN:  

9788130929811

ISBN 10:   8130929813
Pages:   1168
Publication Date:   30 December 2015
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Electronic Materials and Components 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Components of an Electronic Circuit 1.2.1 Active Components 1.2.2 Passive Components 1.3 Voltage and Current Dividers 1.4 Electrical Power Sources 1.4.1 Ideal Voltage Source 1.4.2 Practical Voltage Source 1.4.3 Ideal Current Source 1.4.4 Practical Current Source 1.4.5 Voltage Source vs. Current Source 1.5 Active Components Summary Review Questions Fill in the Blanks 2. Semiconductor Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Atomic Structure and Energy Levels 2.3 Energy Bands 2.4 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators 2.5 Fermi Level 2.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 2.6.1 Crystal Structure of Semiconductor 2.6.2 Carrier (or Electron and Hole) Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors 2.6.3 Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductors 2.6.4 Law of Mass Action 2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity 2.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 2.7.1 N-type Semiconductors 2.7.2 P-type Semiconductors 2.8 Important Properties of Extrinsic Semiconductors 2.8.1 Donor and Acceptor States 2.8.2 Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductor 2.8.3 Thermal Ionization of Extrinsic Semiconductors 2.8.4 Charge Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductors 2.8.5 Effect of Temperature on Extrinsic Semiconductors 2.9 Semiconductor Devices 2.10 Advantages of Semiconductor Devices 2.11 Hall Effect 2.11.1 Hall Effect in Semiconductors 2.11.2 Hall Angle 2.11.3 Experimental Determination of Hall Coefficient 2.11.4 Uses of Hall Effect 2.11.5 Quantum Hall Effect Summary Review Questions Problems Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 3. Semiconductor Diodes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 P-N Junction 3.2.1 Width of Depletion Region and Height of Potential Barrier 3.2.2 Unidirectional Property of a P-N Junction Diode 3.2.3 Junction Capacitance of a P-N Junction Diode 3.2.4 Effect of Temperature on Barrier Voltage 3.2.5 Mechanism of Current Flow in a P-N Junction 3.3 Biasing the P-N Junction 3.3.1 Forward- and Reverse-Biasing 3.3.2 Reverse Saturation Current (Is or I0) 3.3.3 Summary of Biasing Conditions 3.3.4 Reverse Breakdown Voltage 3.3.5 Rating Characteristics 3.4 Volt-Ampere Characteristic of P-N Junction 3.5 Diode Equation (V-I Equation) 3.5.1 For Forward-Biased Junction 3.5.2 For Reverse-Biased Junction 3.6 Static and Dynamic Resistance of a Diode 3.7 Space Charge (or Depletion Region or Transition Region) Capacitance 3.7.1 Space Charge or Transition Capacitance 3.7.2 Diffusion or Storage Capacitance (CD) 3.8 Effect of Temperature on P-N Junction Diodes 3.9 Breakdown of a P-N Junction Diode (Junction Breakdown) 3.9.1 Silicon vs. Germanium Diode 3.10 Diode Circuit Analysis 3.10.1 P-N Diode Switching Times 3.10.2 Current Components in a P-N Diode 3.10.3 Quantitative Theory of P-N Junction Diode Currents 3.11 Types of Diodes 3.11.1 Power Diodes or Rectifier Diodes 3.11.2 Zener Diode 3.11.3 Point Contact Diodes 3.11.4 Constant Current Diode 3.11.5 Tunnel Diode 3.11.6 Photodiode 3.11.7 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 3.11.8 Heterojunction High-Intensity LEDs 3.11.9 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3.11.10 Varactor Diode 3.11.11 Schottky or Shockley Diode 3.11.12 Step Recovery Diodes or Charge Storage Diode or Snapback Diode 3.11.13 Backward Diode 3.11.14 Thermistors and Barretters 3.11.15 Photoconductor 3.11.16 Gunn Effect and Gunn Diode 3.11.17 IMPATT, TRAPATT and QWITT Diodes 3.11.18 PIN Diodes 3.11.19 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 3.11.20 Two-Transistor Analogy of SCR 3.11.21 V-I Characteristics of SCR 3.12 SCR Switching 3.12.1 Applications of SCR 3.13 Working with Diode Circuits 3.14 Datasheet of Diode 3.15 Testing and Troubleshooting of Diodes 3.15.1 Testing of Diodes 3.15.2 Troubleshooting Diodes Summary Review Questions Problems Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 4. Diode Circuits 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ideal Diode 4.3 The Second Approximation 4.4 Load Line Analysis of a Diode Circuit 4.4.1 Load Line and Operating Point Q 4.4.2 AC Applied Voltage 4.5 Rectifier 4.5.1 Half Wave Rectifier 4.5.2 Full Wave Rectifier 4.5.3 Bridge Rectifier 4.6 Filters 4.6.1 Ripple Factor 4.6.2 Series Inductor Filter 4.6.3 L-Section Filter or Choke Input L–C Filter 4.6.4 ? Filter or Capacitor Input L–C Filter 4.7 Power Supply 4.7.1 Voltage Stabilization Using Zener Diode 4.7.2 Series Voltage Regulator Circuit 4.7.3 Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit 4.7.4 Current Regulator 4.7.5 Power Supply 4.7.6 Diode Equivalent Circuit and Frequency Response 4.7.7 Diode Equivalent Circuit 4.7.8 Limitation of P–N Junction Diode? 4.8 Clipping and Clamping Circuits 4.8.1 Positive Clipper 4.8.2 Negative Clipper 4.8.3 Biased Clipping Circuit 4.8.4 Clamping Circuits 4.8.5 Voltage Multipliers 4.9 Dual Polarity Power Supply 4.10 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 5. Transistors 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 5.2 Transistor Function 5.3 Current Components in a p-n-p Transistor 5.4 Action of Transistor as Amplifier 5.4.1 Transistor Configuration 5.4.2 Common Base Characteristics 5.5 Dynamic Output Resistance (ro) 5.6 Current Amplification Factor (?dc) 5.6.1 Current Gain Characteristics 5.6.2 Common Emitter Characteristics 5.6.3 Current Gain Characteristics 5.6.4 Common Collector Characteristics 5.6.5 Current Relation 5.7 CB, CE and CC Configurations of Transistor and their Equivalent Circuits 5.7.1 CB Configuration 5.7.2 CE Configuration 5.7.3 CC Configuration 5.8 Small Signal Model of Transistor using h Parameters 5.8.1 CB Configuration 5.8.2 CE Configuration 5.8.3 CC Configuration 5.9 Unipolar Junction Transistors 5.9.1 Field Effect Transistor (FET) 5.10 Characteristics of FET 5.10.1 Drain Characteristics 5.10.2 Transfer Characteristics 5.10.3 Effect of VDS on Characteristic Curve 5.10.4 Pinch Off Voltage 5.10.5 Effect of VGS on Characteristic Curve 5.11 MOSFET 5.11.1 Enhancement MOSFET (N-channel) 5.11.2 Construction and Operation 5.11.3 Depletion MOSFET 5.11.4 Construction and Operation 5.11.5 Ohmic Region 5.11.6 Drain Source ON Resistance 5.11.7 Biasing in the Ohmic Region 5.11.8 FET Handling Problems 5.11.9 Applications 5.11.10 Analogue, Digital and Switching Circuits 5.12 CMOS (Complimentary MOSFET) 5.12.1 Basic Action 5.13 Transistor Packaging Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 6. Thermal Stability 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Factors Contributing to Thermal Stability 6.2.1 Operating Point 6.2.2 Stability Factor (S) 6.3 Biasing Circuits for Thermal Stabilization (CE Configuration) 6.3.1 Collector-to-Base Bias 6.3.2 Emitters Bias 6.3.3 Voltage Divider Bias with Emitter Bias 6.4 Biasing Transistor Switching Circuits 6.5 Summary of Stabilization Circuit 6.6 Transistor Dissipation 6.6.1 Thermal Resistance 6.6.2 Junction to Case Thermal Resistance 6.7 Heat-Sink Theory 6.8 Derating Curve Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statement True/False Fill in the Blanks 7. Amplifiers (Small Signal Amplifiers) 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Small Signal Amplifier 7.2 Transistor Amplifier Performance (General Case) 7.2.1 Current Gain (Ai) 7.2.2 Voltage Gain (Av) 7.3 Transistor Amplifier Circuits in Different Configurations 7.3.1 CE Transistor Amplifier (Fixed Bias) 7.3.2 Common Base Amplifier (Fixed Bias) 7.3.3 Common Collector Amplifier (Emitter Follower) 7.4 T Model (Eber-Moll Model) or ? Model 7.4.1 ? Model 7.4.2 AC Resistance of Emitter Diode 7.5 FET Amplifier 7.5.1 Common Source FET Amplifier 7.5.2 Action of FET as Amplifier 7.5.3 Common Drain FET Amplifier (Source Follower) 7.5.4 Action of FET as Amplifier 7.5.5 Small Signal High Frequency Amplifier 7.5.6 Cascade Amplifier 7.5.7 RC-Coupled CE Amplifier 7.5.8 AC Analysis of CE Amplifier (Mid-frequency Range) 7.6 Bias Consideration 7.7 Transistor Action 7.7.1 Low Frequency Range 7.7.2 High Frequency Range 7.7.3 Limitations of Transistor Amplifier in High Frequency Range 7.8 Curves of Response vs. Frequency 7.8.1 RC Amplifier (Current Gain) 7.9 Design of CE Amplifier 7.9.1 Selection of Ic, Rc and RE 7.9.2 Bias Resistors 7.9.3 Bypass Capacitor (CE) 7.9.4 Coupling Capacitor (CC) 7.9.5 Shunting Capacitor 7.10 Multistage Amplifier (Cascading Amplifier) 7.10.1 AC Analysis 7.11 Transformer Coupled Amplifier 7.12 Direct Coupling between Stages 7.12.1 Direct Coupled Circuit 7.13 Use of Complimentary Transistors Summary Review Questions Problems Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statement True/False Fill in the Blanks 8. Feedback Amplifiers 8.1 Concept of Feedback 8.1.1 Positive Feedback 8.1.2 Negative Feedback 8.2 General Theory of Feedback 8.2.1 Positive Feedback 8.2.2 Negative Feedback 8.2.3 Stabilization 8.2.4 Reduction in Non-Linear Distortion and Noise 8.3 Feedback Technique 8.3.1 Voltage Feedback 8.3.2 Current Feedback 8.4 Darlington Connection 8.5 Darlington Pair 8.5.1 Complimentary Darlington 8.5.2 Stability 8.6 The Nyquist Criterion Summary Review Questions Problems Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 9. Negative Feedback Amplifier (Using Op-Amp) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source 9.3 Current-Controlled Voltage Source 9.4 Voltage-Controlled Current Source 9.5 Current-Controlled Current Source 9.6 Converters 9.6.1 VCVS Amplifier 9.6.2 ICVS Amplifier 9.6.3 VCIS Amplifier 9.6.4 ICIS Amplifier 9.7 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources 9.7.1 Voltage Gain 9.7.2 Non-Linear Distortion 9.8 Current-Controlled Voltage Source Amplifier 9.9 Input and Output Impedance 9.10 Inverting Amplifier 9.11 Voltage-Controlled Current Source Amplifier (Voltage-Current Converter) 9.12 Current-Controlled Current Source Amplifier 9.13 Bandwidth 9.13.1 Bandwidth and Slew Rate Distortion Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Fill in the Blanks 10. Operational Amplifiers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Differential Amplifier 10.2.1 AC Analysis of Differential Amplifier 10.2.2 Non-Inverting Input and Differential Output 10.2.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 10.2.4 Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Op-Amp 10.2.5 Operations of an Op-Amp 10.3 Non-Inverting Op-Amp 10.3.1 Virtual Short 10.3.2 Voltage Gain 10.4 Applications 10.4.1 Unity Gain Buffer (Voltage Follower) 10.4.2 Adder (Summing Amplifier) 10.4.3 Summing Amplifier Using Both Inputs 10.4.4 Digital-to-Analogue Converter 10.5 Subtractor (Difference Amplifier) 10.6 Integrator 10.7 Differentiator 10.8 Current-to-Voltage Converter 10.9 Voltage-to-Current Converter 10.10 Single Supply Operation of Op-Amp 10.10.1 Inverting Amplifier 10.10.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier 10.11 The 741 Op-Amp 10.11.1 Input Differential Amplifier 10.11.2 Frequency Response of Op-Amp 10.12 Inverter/Non-Inverter Circuits 10.12.1 Switchable Inverter/Non-Inverter 10.12.2 Inverter with Adjustable Gain 10.12.3 Sign Changer 10.12.4 Phase Shifter (Variable Phase Changer) 10.13 Operational Amplifier Circuit Stability 10.13.1 Inverting Mode 10.13.2 Non-Inverting Mode 10.14 Frequency Compensation Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 11. Power Amplifiers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers 11.2.1 Class A Operation 11.2.2 Class B Operation 11.2.3 Class C Operation 11.3 Conversion Efficiency of Class A Amplifier 11.4 Transformer-Coupled Amplifier 11.4.1 Characteristic of Class A Amplifier 11.5 Transformer–Coupled Amplifier Design 11.6 Conversion Efficiency of Class B Amplifier 11.7 Characteristics of Class B Amplifier 11.8 Conversion Efficiency of Class C Operation 11.9 Distortion due to Non-Linear Characteristics 11.9.1 Brief Analysis 11.10 Push-Pull Amplifier 11.10.1 Class A Push-Pull Amplifier 11.10.2 Class B Push-Pull Amplifier 11.11 Class AB 11.12 Efficiency of Class B Push-Pull Amplifier 11.12.1 Merits and Demerits of Class B Push-Pull Amplifier 11.13 Transformer-Less Push-Pull Amplifier 11.13.1 Complimentary Symmetry 11.14 Class B Push-Pull Emitter Follower 11.14.1 Circuit Analysis 11.14.2 Zener Follower 11.15 Tuned Amplifier (Class C Amplifier) 11.15.1 RF Amplifiers 11.16 Single Tuned Amplifier 11.18 Double Tuned Amplifier Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks Appendix: MOSFET Power Amplifier 12. Oscillators 12.1 Introduction 12.2 LC Oscillator (Sinusoidal Oscillator) 12.3 Principle of Feedback Oscillator 12.4 Barkhausen Criterion 12.5 Oscillator Characteristics 12.5.1 General Form of Feedback Oscillator Circuit 12.5.2 Hartley Oscillator 12.5.3 Colpitt Oscillator 12.5.4 Clapp Oscillator 12.6 RC Coupled Oscillators 12.6.1 Phase Shift Oscillator 12.6.2 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 12.6.3 Principle of Working of Wien-Bridge Oscillator 12.6.4 Merits and Demerits of RC Oscillators 12.7 Crystal Oscillators 12.7.1 Principle 12.7.2 Preparation of the Crystal 12.7.3 Electrical Version of a Crystal 12.7.4 Crystal Stability 12.7.5 Crystal Oscillator Circuits 12.8 Pierce Oscillator 12.9 Multivibrators (Non-Sinusoidal Oscillators) 12.9.1 Astable or Free Running Multivibrator 12.9.2 Switching Times and Frequency of Oscillation of Astable Multivibrator 12.10 UJT Relaxation Oscillator (Nonsinusoidal Oscillator) Function Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 13. Ionosphere and Communication 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Propagation of Radio Wave through Ionosphere 13.3 Refraction of Radio Wave in Ionosphere 13.4 Propagation of Radio Waves 13.5 Satellite Communication 13.5.1 Merits of Satellite Communication 13.5.2 Demerits of Satellite System 13.6 Digital Communication Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 14. Optical Fibres and Communication 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Principle of Optical Guides 14.2.1 Snell’s Law 14.2.2 Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Cone 14.2.3 Numerical Aperture (NA) 14.3 Optical Fibre 14.3.1 Condition for Propagation 14.3.2 Modes in Optical Fibre Waveguides 14.4 Classification of Fibres 14.4.1 Stepped Index Multimode Fibre 14.4.2 Stepped Index Monomode (Single Mode) Fibre 14.4.3 Graded Index Multimode Optical Fibre 14.4.4 Mode Calculation in Step Index Fibres 14.4.5 Signal Degradation 14.4.6 Fibre Losses (Attenuation) 14.4.7 Units for Measuring Fibre Loss 14.4.8 Signal Distortions 14.4.9 Information Capacity 14.4.10 Pulse Spreading due to Dispersion 14.5 Collection of Light from Diffuse Source by Fibre 14.5.1 Cut off Wave Length 14.5.2 Advantages of Optical Fibres 14.5.3 Disadvantages of Optical Fibre Systems 14.6 Types of Rays 14.6.1 Skew Rays 14.7 Modes of Propagation in Optical Fibre 14.8 Dispersion and Dispersion Losses 14.8.1 Dispersion 14.8.2 Dispersion Losses 14.9 Losses in Optical Fibre Cable 14.10 Optical Fibre Communication System 14.11 Photodetector 14.11.1 Photodiode Mechanism 14.11.2 Quantum Efficiency (?) and Responsivity (R) 14.11.3 Long Wave Length Cut-off 14.11.4 PIN Photodiode 14.11.5 Avalanche Photodiode (APD) 14.12 Connectors 14.12.1 Basic Ferrule Connector 14.12.2 Expanded Beam Connector 14.13 Multiplexers 14.13.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 14.13.2 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 14.14 Couplers 14.14.1 Diffusion Couplers 14.14.2 Area Splitting Coupler 14.14.3 Beam Splitting Coupler 14.15 Optical Fibre Cable Construction 14.15.1 Cable Construction 14.16 Fibre Optic Sensor 14.16.1 Types of Optical Fibre Sensors 14.17 Applications of Optical Fibres Illustrative Examples Summary Review Questions Problems Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Fill in the Blanks 15. Communication Systems 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Radio Communication 15.3 Radio Transmitter 15.3.1 Amplitude–Modulated Transmitter 15.4 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 15.4.1 Power in AM Wave 15.5 Methods for Amplitude Modulation 15.5.1 Principle 15.5.2 Collector Modulated Transistor Amplifier 15.5.3 Plate Modulated Class C Triode Amplifier 15.5.4 Single Side Band (SSB) Transmission 15.5.5 Balanced Modulator 15.6 Filter Method of SSB Generation 15.7 Systems Comparison 15.8 Frequency Modulation 15.9 Methods for Frequency Modulation 15.10 Diode FM Generation 15.10.1 FM Generation 15.10.2 FM Systems 15.11 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation 15.12 AM vs. FM with Respect to Interference 15.13 Demodulation (Detection) 15.13.1 AM Demodulator 15.13.2 Linear Envelope Demodulation 15.14 Input Impendence of Envelope Detector 15.14.1 Distortion in Envelope Detectors 15.15 Detection of FM Wave 15.15.1 Foster-Seeley Discriminator 15.16 Radio Receivers 15.16.1 Principle 15.17 AM Receiver (Super Heterodyne Receiver) 15.17.1 Principle 15.18 Image Frequency 15.19 Communication Receiver 15.20 FM Receivers 15.21 FM Receiver 15.21.1 Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis 15.22 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 15.22.1 Simple AGC 15.22.2 Delayed AGC 15.22.3 Audio AGC 15.23 Advanced Communication Systems 15.23.1 Satellite Communication 15.23.2 Satellite Communication System 15.23.3 Optical Communication 15.24 Mobile Communication 15.24.1 Limitations of Conventional Mobile System 15.24.2 Cellular Mobile System 15.24.3 Concept of a Cell 15.25 Personal Communication System (PCS) 15.26 Standards of Mobile and Personal Communication Systems Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Problems Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks Appendix: Pulse Modulation 16. Television and Radar 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Television System 16.2.1 Black and White TV Transmitter 16.2.2 TV Transmission Frequency Range 16.3 TV Camera 16.4 Scanning 16.5 Video Signal 16.5.1 Composite Video Signal 16.5.2 Standard Channel Bandwidth 16.6 TV Signal Transmission 16.7 Black and White TV Receiver 16.7.1 Common Video and Audio Stage 16.7.2 Audio Stage 16.7.3 Video Stage 16.7.4 Synchronizing and EHT Stage 16.7.5 Rectifier Stage 16.8 Colour Television 16.8.1 Colour Basics 16.8.2 Colour Transmission 16.8.3 Colour TV Receiver 16.8.4 Principle of Function of Picture Tube 16.9 SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) 16.9.1 Cable TV and Digital TV 16.10 Radar 16.10.1 Free Space Radar Range 16.10.2 Basic Pulsed Radar System 16.11 Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 17. Electronic Instruments 17.1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 17.2 Construction of General CRO 17.3 Electrostatic Focusing 17.4 Electrostatic Focusing System 17.5 Electrostatic Deflection 17.5.1 Deflection Sensitivity 17.5.2 Deflection Factor 17.6 Screen of the CRT 17.7 Basic Sweep Generator 17.8 Time Base Generator 17.9 Synchronization of the Sweep 17.10 Horizontal Amplifier 17.11 Frequency Determination 17.11.1 Computation of Phase Angles 17.11.2 Special Purpose Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 17.12 Electronic Multimeter 17.12.1 Analogue Volt-Ohm Meter 17.12.2 Voltage Measurement 17.12.3 Resistance Measurement 17.12.4 Digital Multimeter 17.12.5 Digital Voltmeter (DVM) 17.12.6 Ramp-Type DVM (Single-Slope Converters) 17.13 Dual Slope Converter 17.13.1 Decade Counter 17.13.2 Radio Frequency Generators 17.13.3 Function Generators 17.14 Computer 17.15 Essential Components of a Computer System 17.16 Computer Programming 17.17 Computer Languages 17.18 Microprocessor 17.18.1 Computer Data 17.19 Computer Applications 17.20 Microcomputer Hardware 17.21 Input Devices 17.22 Output Devices 17.23 Data Storage 17.24 Other Peripheral Devices 17.25 Organisation of Data 17.26 Microcomputer Software 17.27 Software and Hardware Compatibility 17.27.1 Coordinating Software and Hardware 17.28 Working of a Computer 17.29 Communication with Computers 17.29.1 Data Communications 17.29.2 Data Transmission 17.29.3 Communication Links 17.29.4 Local Area Network (LAN) 17.29.5 Wide Area Network (WAN) 17.29.6 Network Topology 17.30 Internet and Web Technology 17.30.1 Connecting to the Internet 17.30.2 Looking up Information 17.30.3 Electronic Mail (e-mail) 17.30.4 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 17.30.5 World Wide Web (WWW) Technology 17.30.6 Web Browser 17.30.7 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) 17.30.8 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 17.30.9 Electronic Banking 17.30.10 Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce) 17.30.11 Networks and Security Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 18. Optoelectronic Devices 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Optical Spectrum 18.3 Principle of Light Generation 18.4 Photoelectric Effect 18.4.1 Photoemissive Effect 18.4.2 Photoconductive Effect 18.4.3 Photovoltaic Effect 18.5 Optoelectronic Devices 18.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 18.5.2 LED Construction and Working 18.5.3 Internal and External Quantum Efficiency of an LED 18.5.4 LED Indicator Circuits 18.5.5 Infrared-Emitting Diode 18.5.6 Multisegment LED Displays 18.5.7 LED Testing 18.5.8 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 18.5.9 Liquid Crystal Cell 18.5.10 Electrical Characteristics 18.5.11 Field Effect Reflecting Type LCD Cell 18.6 Laser 18.6.1 Principle of Laser Generation 18.6.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 18.6.3 Classes of Lasers 18.6.4 Semiconductor Lasers 18.6.5 Population Inversion 18.6.6 Types of Semiconductor Lasers 18.6.7 Quantum Well Lasers 18.6.8 Laser Diode 18.6.9 Basic Operation and Construction 18.6.10 Applications of Laser Diode 18.7 Photodiode 18.7.1 Basic Operation and Construction 18.8 P-I-N Photodiode 18.8.1 Response Time of Photodiodes 18.8.2 Avalanche Photodiode (AVD) 18.8.3 Schottky Photodiodes 18.8.4 Phototransistors 18.8.5 Vidicons and Plumbicons 18.9 Applications 18.9.1 Solar Cells 18.9.2 PN Junction Solar Cell 18.10 Optocouplers 18.10.1 Photomultipliers 18.10.2 Photoconductive Detectors 18.10.3 Characteristics of Particular Photoconductive Materials 18.11 Photoresistor 18.11.1 Basic Operation and Construction 18.11.2 Applications Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions 19. Digital Electronics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Boolean Algebra 19.3 Logic Circuits 19.4 Number Systems 19.4.1 Decimal Number System 19.4.2 Binary Number System 19.4.3 Binary to Decimal Conversion 19.4.4 Decimal to Binary Conversion 19.5 Double Dabble Method 19.6 Octal Numbers 19.6.1 Octal to Decimal Conversion 19.6.2 Decimal to Octal Conversion (Octal Dabble Method) 19.6.3 Octal to Binary Conversion 19.6.4 Binary to Octal Conversion 19.7 Hexadecimal Numbers 19.7.1 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion 19.7.2 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 19.7.3 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion 19.7.4 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion 19.8 ASCII 19.8.1 Parity Bit 19.8.2 Binary Addition 19.8.3 Subscripts 19.8.4 Larger Binary System 19.8.5 Binary Subtraction 19.9 Gates 19.9.1 AND Gate 19.9.2 AND Gate (Two Input) 19.9.3 D.T.L. Circuit 19.9.4 OR-Gate 19.9.5 NOT Gate (Inverter) 19.10 Mixed Gates 19.10.1 NOR Gate 19.10.2 Bubbled AND Gate 19.11 De Morgan’s First Theorem 19.11.1 Function of NOR Gate 19.12 NAND Gate 19.13 Bubbled OR Gate 19.14 De Morgan’s Second Theorem 19.14.1 Functions of NAND Gate 19.15 CMOS Inverter (NOT gate) 19.15.1 NAND Gate (using CMOS) 19.15.2 NOR Gate (using CMOS) 19.15.3 Exclusive OR or XOR Gate 19.16 Positive and Negative Logic 19.16.1 Positive and Negative Gates 19.16.2 Duality Theorem 19.17 Fundamental Products 19.17.1 Sum of Product Equation 19.17.2 Logic Circuit 19.17.3 Karnaugh Map 19.18 Four-Variable Maps 19.18.1 Karnaugh Map Simplification 19.18.2 Karnaugh Simplification 19.18.3 Overlapping Groups 19.18.4 Rolling the Map 19.18.5 Eliminating Redundant Groups 19.19 Arithmetic Building Blocks 19.19.1 Half Adder 19.19.2 Full Adder 19.19.3 Controller Inverter 19.19.4 Adder-Subtractor 19.20 Logic Circuits 19.20.1 Combination Circuits 19.20.2 Sequential Circuits 19.20.3 Sequential Logic Circuits 19.20.4 Register 19.20.5 Shift Register 19.20.6 Counters Summary Review Questions Numerical Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 20. Microprocessors 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Microcomputer 20.3 Microprocessors vs Hard Wired Logic Devices 20.4 Principle of Working 20.4.1 Microprocessor and Computer Terminology 20.5 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor 20.6 Timing the 8085 (Clock) 20.7 I/O Ports 20.7.1 Additional Features 20.7.2 Interrupts 20.8 The ET 3400 Trainer 20.9 Microprocessor Unit (MPU) 20.9.1 MPU Instruction 20.9.2 MPU and Clock 20.9.3 Address and Data Buses 20.9.4 RAM and ROM 20.9.5 Programming the Microprocessor 20.9.6 Introduction to Programming 20.9.7 Checking the Programme 20.9.8 A Sample Programme 20.10 Developing Microprocessor Hardware 20.11 Microprocessor Interfacing 20.11.1 Output Circuits 20.11.2 Input Circuits 20.12 Microcontroller Applications 20.13 Computer Aids to Circuit Design Summary Review Questions Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Mark the Following Statements True/False Fill in the Blanks 21. Integrated Circuits 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Processing of Semiconductor Materials 21.2.1 PN Junction Formation 21.2.2 Transistor Fabrication 21.3 Silicon Planar Technology 21.4 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 21.4.1 Monolithic Integrated Circuits 21.4.2 Thin Film Integrated Circuits 21.4.3 Thick Film Integrated Circuits 21.4.4 Hybrid or Multichip Integrated Circuits 21.4.5 Physical and Electrical Characteristics of IC 21.4.6 Construction 21.5 NE555 IC Timer 21.5.1 Introduction 21.5.2 Internal Circuitry and Operation 21.5.3 Other Integrated Circuits 21.5.4 Digital Integrated Circuits 21.6 Digital Signal Processing 21.6.1 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion 21.7 Phase Locked Loop: ICPLL 21.7.1 FM Detection 21.7.2 Frequency Synthesis 21.7.3 Tone Decoding 21.8 IC Operational Amplifiers 21.8.1 Transistor and IC Packing Review Questions Short Answer Questions Fill in the Blanks APPENDIX: Recent Advances in Electronics Appendix I: Physical Constants Appendix II: Resistor and Capacitor Values Appendix III: Colour Codes for Electronic Components Suggested Readings Subject Index

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Professor Dr S.L. Kakani, M.Sc. (Phys.) Ph.D., Executive Director, Institute of Technology and Management, Bhilwara (Affiliated to RTU, Kota) is an internationally renowned physicist and has a distinguished career spanning more than four decades of teaching, research and administration. He has authored a large number of research papers in the fields of superconductivity, Nanomaterials, Condensed Matter, etc., published in peer reviewed Journals of international repute. His two books on superconductivity appeared from NOVA Science, New York and four books from Anshan Ltd., UK. He is author of several standard works. Prof. Kakani, served as chairman, BOS and Research Board, MDS University, Ajmer, India. He has received prestigious national and international awards and honours for his outstanding academic contributions and achievements. He is a life member of IAPT, Vigyan Parishad, and High-Tc Update. K.C. Bhandari was former Associate Professor of Physics, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India. He has put in 33 years service while teaching the subject right from the undergraduate to postgraduate level. He has also associated with college and school level summers institutes/workshops arranged under the auspices of UGC. He is author and co-author of several books.

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