Overview

This book is intended for high school candidates sitting for the General certificate of Education Examinations, all those interested in learning the general principles of biology and for teachers of biology as a revision package. It has been well researched to inculcate the very basic principles of biology in the simplest terms as to help in understanding the subject for any person at various levels.It has concepts that are organized in clear topics written in simple language short and easy to understand notes.Contains appropriate learner friendly illustrations.Has easy guide practical part that can be carried out at home.Has relevant cross cutting issues which have been tackled per topic per level to enhance learner awareness.It has been referred to as the Silver Bullet by some candidates who have seen the result s of using this simple book and surely will ward any candidate a distinction. No more need to worry about the examination as you now have a reliably companion to show you the way through with flying colors.The guard cells absorb water, swell and pull open the stomata. When the guard cells lose water they shrink and close the stomata. Stomata open during daylight hours while light is available. This enables carbon dioxide to diffuse in, so that photosynthesis can take place. Stomata close when it is dark, when carbon dioxide is not required. This reduces the amount of water lost by the plant at a time when it not needed for photosynthesis. If plants lose water faster than it is replaced by the roots, the stomata can close to prevent wilting and further water loss. There are more stomata on the ventral side of a leaf (underneath). This is to prevent the guard cells from opening too wide during the day. This prevents water loss in the plant.When using the Potometer it is assumed that water uptake is equal to water loss through transpiration.Explain the functions of blood. The main functions of blood These are, transport, defense, and blood clotting. Transport functions: Soluble products of digestion and absorption such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are transported from the gut to the liver and then to the general circulation. Waste products of metabolism such as urea are transported from sites of production to sites of removal, such as the liver and kidneys. Describe the ABO blood groups There are four main blood groups namely blood groups A, B, AB and O. Two types of antigens found on the surface of red blood cells are antigen A and antigen B. The antigens determine the blood groups as shown in the table below.Explain the donor-recipient compatibility of blood groups. An antigen reacts with a corresponding antibody making the blood cells to clump together. The antibody- antigen reaction is called agglutination. Antigen A and antibody A will cause agglutination. Antigen B and antibody b will also cause agglutination. A person with blood group AB does not have antibodies in the blood plasma. Therefore blood group AB is a universal recipient. A person with blood group O lacks antigens and he is a universal donor. Blood group A can only receive blood from blood groups A and O. Blood group B can only receive blood from blood groups B and O. Blood group A can only donate blood to blood groups A and AB. Blood group B can only donate blood to blood groups B and AB. Blood group AB can only donate blood to blood group AB. Blood group O can only receive blood from blood group O. Describe the effects of abuse of drugs on the nervous system The term drug refers to useful substances such as medicine as well as harmful substances. Harmful substances are classified into stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, narcotics and inhalants/solvents. Stimulants: These are drugs that accelerate/increase the rate of impulse transmission in the nervous system. Examples of stimulants are cocaine, caffeine, nicotine and amphetamines. Their effects include; ............

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