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Author:   M. C. Browning ,  N. H. Georgopapadakou ,  J. R. E. Hoover ,  K. C. Kwan
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Volume:   67 / 2
Weight:   1.115kg
ISBN:  

9783540121312

ISBN 10:   3540121315
Pages:   497
Publication Date:   01 July 1983
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
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Table of Contents

12 Bacterial Enzymes Interacting with ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- I. Classification of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- II. Mode of Action of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- 1. Structure and Synthesis of Peptidoglycan.- 2. The Tipper and Strominger Hypothesis for Penicillin Action.- III. Classification of Enzymes Interacting with ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- 1. Enzymes Acting on Peptidoglycan.- 2. Enzymes Degrading ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- B. Bacterial Proteins Binding ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- I. General.- II. Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 1. Escherichia coli.- 2. Other Enterobacteria.- 3. Pseudomonads.- 4. Other Bacteria.- III. Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- 1. Bacilli.- 2. Micrococci.- 3. Streptococci.- 4. Actinomycetes.- C. Enzymes Inhibited by ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- I. dd-Carboxypeptidases.- 1. dd-Carboxypeptidases in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 2. dd-Carboxypeptidases in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- II. Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase.- D. ?-Lactamases.- I. General.- II. ?-Lactamases in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- 1. Staphylococci.- 2. Bacilli.- 3. Streptomycetes.- 4. Other Actinomycetes.- III. ?-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 1. Anaerobic.- 2. Aerobic.- E. Interaction with the ?-Lactam Nucleus.- I. Components of the Interaction.- 1. Kinetic Parameters.- 2. Conformational Changes.- 3. Nature of the Covalent Complex.- 4. Nature of Release Products.- II. Streptomyces R61 dd-Carboxypeptidase.- III. ?-Lactamases and ?-Lactam Inhibitors.- 1. Clavulanic Acid.- 2. Penicillin Sulfones.- 3. Halopenicillanic Acids.- 4. Carbapenems.- F. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 In Vitro and In Vivo Laboratory Evaluation of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Historical.- I. Penicillins.- II. Cephalosporins.- III. Cephamycins (7-?-Methoxy Cephalosporins).- IV. ?-Lactams of Novel Structure.- B. ?-Lactam Laboratory Evaluation Procedures.- I. Introduction.- II. In Vitro Test Procedures.- 1. Spectrum of Activity and Sensitivity Tests.- 2. Speed of Action Test.- 3. Susceptibility Disc Test.- 4. Interaction and Synergy Tests.- 5. Effect on Morphology.- 6. Procedures Using Anaerobes.- 7. Factors Influencing In Vitro Tests.- 8. Enzymes and Resistance to ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- 9. Automation and Miniaturization.- 10. In Vitro Models to Simulate In Vivo Conditions.- III. In Vivo Test Procedures.- 1. Mouse Protection Test.- 2. Specialized Test Procedures.- 3. Tests Using Anaerobes.- IV. In Vitro-In Vivo Relationships.- C. Representative ?-Lactam Agents.- References.- 14 ?-Lactam Antibiotics: Structure-Activity Relationships.- A. Introduction: Scope.- I. Structure.- II. Activity.- B. Clinically Useful Penicillins.- I. Natural, Biosynthetic, and Related Penicillins.- II. Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins.- III. Broad-Spectrum Penicillins.- 1. ?-Aminopenicillins.- 2. ?-Carboxy and ?-Sulfopenicillins.- 3. Acylampicillins.- 4. 6-Acylamino Alternatives: Quaternary Heterocyclic Aminopenicillanic Acids and 6-Amidinopenicillanic Acids.- 5. A 6?-Methoxy Penicillin (Temocillin).- C. Clinically Useful Cephalosporins.- I. Basic Structure-Activity Relationships.- II. ?-Lactamase-Sensitive Cephalosporins.- 1. 7?-Acylamino Group Modifications.- 2. Metabolic Stability.- 3. 3-Substituent Modifications.- III. Cephalosporins with Special Pharmacokinetic Properties.- 1. Cephalosporins with High and Prolonged Serum Levels.- 2. Cephalosporins Absorbed Orally.- IV. ?-Lactamase-Resistant Cephalosporins.- 1. Cephalosporins with Moderate ?-Lactamase Resistance.- 2. Cephamycins.- 3. Cephalosporins with Significant ?-Lactamase Resistance.- V. Oxacephalosporins.- D. Nonclassic ?-Lactams.- I. Penems and Carbapenems.- 1. Carbapenems: Thienamycins, Olivanic Acids, and Related Structures.- 2. Penems.- 3. Oxapenems.- II. Monocyclic ?-Lactams.- 1. Nocardicins.- 2. Monobactams.- III. ?-Lactamase Inhibitors.- 1. Penicillins and Cephalosporins as Inhibitors.- 2. Progressive ?-Lactamase Inhibitors.- E. Other Structure-Activity Relationships.- References.- 15 Pharmacokinetics of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Penicillins.- I. Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G).- II. Phenoxyalkylpenicillins.- 1. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V).- 2. Pheneticillin.- 3. Propicillin.- 4. Phenbenicillin.- III. Clometocillin.- IV. Methicillin.- V. Ancillin.- VI. Nafcillin.- VII. Isoxazolylpenicillins.- 1. Oxacillin.- 2. Cloxacillin.- 3. Dicloxacillin.- 4. Flucloxacillin.- VIII. Ampicillin.- 1. Hetacillin.- 2. Pivampicillin.- 3. Bacampicillin.- 4. Talampicillin.- 5. Metampicillin.- 6. Methoxymethyl Ester of Hetacillin.- IX. Amoxicillin.- X. Azidocillin.- XI. Epicillin.- XII. Cyclacillin.- XIII. Carbenicillin.- 1. Carindacillin.- 2. Carfecillin.- XIV. Ticarcillin.- XV. Sulbenicillin.- XVI. Ureidopenicillins.- 1. Azlocillin.- 2. Mezlocillin.- 3. Piperacillin.- 4. Bay k 4999.- 5. BL-P1654.- C. Cephalosporins.- I. Cephalosporanic Acids.- 1. Cephalothin.- 2. Cephapirin.- 3. Cefotaxime.- 4. Cephaloglycine.- 5. Cephacetrile.- II. Desacetoxycephalosporanic Acids.- 1. Cephalexin.- 2. Cephradine.- 3. Cefadroxil.- 4. FR-10612.- 5. HR-580.- 6. RMI 19,592.- III. 3-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthiomethyl)ceph-3-em-4-oic Acids.- 1. Cefazolin.- 2. Cephanone.- 3. Cefazedone.- 4. Ceftezole.- IV. 3-(1-Pyridylmethyl)-ceph-3-em-4-oic Acids.- 1. Cephaloridine.- 2. Cefsulodin (CGP 7174/E, SCE-129).- 3. GR20263.- V. 3-{[(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl}-ceph-3-em-4-oic Acids.- 1. Cefamandole Nafate.- 2. Ceforanide.- 3. Cefazaflur.- 4. Cefoperazone.- 5. Cefonicid (SKF-75073).- VI. Derivatives of 3-Desacetoxymethylcephalosporanic Acid.- 1. Cefroxadine.- 2. Cefaclor.- 3. Cefatrizine.- VII. Cefuroxime.- VIII. Ceftizoxime.- IX. Ro 13-9904.- X. Cephamycins.- 1. Cefoxitin.- 2. Cefmetazole (CS-1170).- D. Other ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- I. Moxalactam (LY 127935).- II. Clavulanic Acid.- III. Mecillinam.- References.- 16 Toxicology of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Local Reactions to Parenteral Administration.- C. Gastrointestinal Side Effects.- I. Nonspecific Diarrhea.- II. Pseudomembranous Colitis.- III. Ischemic Colitis.- D. Immunologically Mediated Toxicity.- I. Human Toxicity.- II. Sensitization Process.- E Immune Hemolytic Anemia.- F. Neutropenia.- G. Disorders of Hemostasis.- I. Thrombesthenia.- II. Plasma Factor Coagulopathy.- III. Thrombocytopenia.- H. Interstitial Nephritis and Cystitis.- I. Clinical Picture.- II Immunofluorescence.- III. Cystitis.- I. Nephrotoxicity.- I. Human Toxicity.- II. Cellular Mechanisms.- 1. Uptake.- 2. Efflux: Cephaloridine.- 3. Reactivity or Receptor Affinity: Cephaloglycin.- III. Less Toxic Cephalosporins.- 1. Additive Aminoglycoside-Cephalosporin Toxicity.- 2. Effects of Ureteral Obstruction.- IV. Molecular Basis of Toxicity.- 1. Metabolite Hypothesis.- 2. Mitochondrial Respiratory Toxicity.- J. Hepatic Toxicity.- K. Neurotoxicity.- I. Human Toxicity.- II. Animal Toxicity.- III. Mechanism.- 1. Effects on Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-Mediated Transmission.- 2. Effects on Chloride Conductance.- 3. Effects on the Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump.- IV. Structure-Activity Relationships.- V. Regulation of Penicillin Concentration in the Central Nervous System.- VI. Nonspecific Neurotoxic Reactions.- L. Disulfiram-Like Reactions.- M. Newer ?-Lactams.- References.- 17 Therapeutic Application of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- B. Penicillins in the Therapy of Human Infections.- I. The Penams: The Biosynthetic or Natural Penicillins.- 1. Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin).- 2. Penicillin V and the Acid-Stable Phenoxypenicillins.- II. The Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins.- 1. Methicillin.- 2. Nafcillin.- 3. Isoxazolyl Penicillins.- III. The Broad-Spectrum Aminopenicillins.- 1. Ampicillin.- 2. Esters of Ampicillin.- 3. Amoxicillin.- 4. Epicillin and Cyclacillin.- IV. The Antipseudomonal Penicillins.- 1. Carbenicillin.- 2. Ticarcillin.- V. The Amidinopenicillanic Acids - Amdinocillin.- VI. The Atypical ?-Lactams.- 1. The Monocyclic ?-Lactams.- 2. The Oxapenams.- 3. The Carbapenems.- 4. The Penems.- C. Cephalosporins in the Therapy of Human Infections.- I. Cephalothin.- II. Cephaloridine.- III. Cefazolin.- IV. Cefamandole.- V. Cefoxitin.- VI. Cefmetazole.- VII. Cefuroxime.- VIII. Ceforanide.- IX. Cefonicid.- X. Third-Generation Cephalosporins.- 1. Cefotaxime.- 2. Ceftizoxime.- 3. Moxalactam.- 4. Cefoperazone.- 5. Ceftriaxon.- 6. Cefmenoxime.- 7. Ceftazidime.- 8. Cefotiam.- 9. Cefsulodin.- XI. The Oral Cephalosporins.- 1. Cephalexin.- 2. Cephradine.- 3. Cefatrizine.- 4. Cefaclor.- 5. Cefroxadine, Cefadroxil, and Cephaloglycin.- D. Antibacterial Chemoprophylaxis with the ?-Lactam Antiobiotics.- I. Prophylactic Uses in Medicine.- II. Prophylactic Uses in Surgery.- E. Use of ?-Lactam Antibiotics in Dental Medicine.- F. Use of ?-Lactam Antibiotics in Veterinary Practice.- References.

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