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"Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now to limit the magnitude of climate change and to prepare for adapting to its impacts. Although there is some uncertainty about future risk, acting now will reduce the risks posed by climate change and the pressure to make larger, more rapid, and potentially more expensive reductions later. Most actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts are common sense investments that will offer protection against natural climate variations and extreme events. In addition, crucial investment decisions made now about equipment and infrastructure can ""lock in"" commitments to greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. Finally, while it may be possible to scale back or reverse many responses to climate change, it is difficult or impossible to ""undo"" climate change, once manifested. Current efforts of local, state, and private-sector actors are important, but not likely to yield progress comparable to what could be achieved with the addition of strong federal policies that establish coherent national goals and incentives, and that promote strong U.S. engagement in international-level response efforts. The inherent complexities and uncertainties of climate change are best met by applying an iterative risk management framework and making efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; prepare for adapting to impacts; invest in scientific research, technology development, and information systems; and facilitate engagement between scientific and technical experts and the many types of stakeholders making America's climate choices. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 The Context for America's Climate Choices 2 Causes and Consequences of Climate Change 3 The Unique Challenges of Climate Change 4 A Framework for Making America's Climate Choices 5 Key Elements of America's Climate Choices Notes and References Appendix A: America's Climate Choices: Membership Lists Appendix B: Committee on America's Climate Choices Member Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Additional Information Regarding the Content of the ACC Panel Reports Appendix D: Agenda from the Summit on America's Climate Choices Appendix E: Acronyms and Initialisms"

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