Overview

Normal human kidneys contain approximately 2 million functionally integrated glomerulotubular units called as nephrons. Under normal conditions these nephrons work in a highly organized fation to filter, reabsorb, and excreta various solutes and fluid. In addition, the kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of various peptide hormones and in production of rennin, ammonia, erythropoietin, and 1, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible deterioration in renal function which classically develops over a period of years. It is manifest only as biochemical abnormalities. Eventually, loss of the excretory, metabolic and endocrine functions of the kidney leads to the development of the clinical signs and symptoms of renal failure, which are some times referred to as uremia.

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