Awards

• Winner of Winner of the 2019 Woodward Medal.

Overview

Marrying legal doctrine from five pioneering and conversant jurisdictions with contemporary political philosophy, this book provides a general theory of discrimination law. Part I gives a theoretically rigorous account of the identity and scope of discrimination law: what makes a legal norm a norm of discrimination law? What is the architecture of discrimination law? Unlike the approach popular with most textbooks, the discussion eschews list-based discussions of protected grounds, instead organising the doctrine in a clear thematic structure.This definitional preamble sets the agenda for the next two parts. Part II draws upon the identity and structure of discrimination law to consider what the point of this area of law is. Attention to legal doctrine rules out many answers that ideologically-entrenched writers have offered to this question. The real point of discrimination law, this Part argues, is to remove abiding, pervasive, and substantial relative group disadvantage. This objective is best defended on liberal rather than egalitarian grounds.Having considered its overall purpose, Part III gives a theoretical account of the duties imposed by discrimination law. A common definition of the antidiscrimination duty accommodates tools as diverse as direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, and reasonable accommodation. These different tools are shown to share a common normative concern and a single analytical structure. Uniquely in the literature, this Part also defends the imposition of these duties only to certain duty-bearers in specified contexts. Finally, the conditions under which affirmative action is justified are explained.

Full Product Details

9780199656967

Table of Contents

Reviews

This ambitious book delivers. Its analysis of discrimination law in liberal societies is compelling, offering a lucid introduction for newcomers and a challenging theoretical account for those long versed in the field. A fascinating report of law across borders. Reva B. Siegal, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Professor, Yale Law School In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that discrimination law is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. Leslie Green, Professor of the Philosophy of Law, University of Oxford This is a masterful work. It is the first book on discrimination law to offer both a probing analysis of the relevant legal doctrines in a number of jurisdictions and also a philosophically rigorous account of the purpose of these laws. Khaitan's writing is lucid and helpful; his account of anti-discrimination law is detailed and impressively wide-ranging; and his two-level theory of discrimination law's purpose is ingenious and illuminating. This book is essential reading both for scholars of anti-discrimination law and for philosophers trying to understand what is required of a state that truly wishes to treat its citizens as equals. Sophia Moreau, Associate Professor, University of Toronto Khaitan's account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. All in all, I strongly recommend A Theory of Discrimination Law to anyone interested in legal and moral theories about discrimination. Professor Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University It is not often one comes across a book that really sharpens the focus on a familiar subject. I have been teaching the law relating to discrimination all my professional life. After such a long engagement with the subject, I was not expecting to discover anything new in Khaitans book, but my low expectations were confounded. This serious monograph has really got me thinking again very hard about the subject. Hugh Collins, Vinerian Professor of English Law, All Souls College, University of Oxford It is an admirably ambitious exercise in what the author describes as particular jurisprudence, which is informed throughout by the author's keen intelligence and in-depth knowledge of comparative discrimination law. It is also original: his analysis differs radically from other liberal accounts of the law in this regard. This book therefore represents a major contribution to the somewhat scattered conceptual literature that exists in this field. Colm OCinneide, Professor of Law, University College London Can there be a satisfying theory of the complex and politically charged, body of laws that prohibit discrimination? In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that there can. The field is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. In defending that view, Khaitan casts new light on complex issues in legal philosophy and explains commonalties and contrasts in the law of five jurisdictions. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. Leslie Green, University of Oxford

This book offers a rigorous analytical exercise in reason on the host of issues associated with anti-discrimination for students, lawyers and judges in generations to come. * PY Lo, Hong Kong Law Review * Tarunabh Khaitans A Theory of Discrimination Law is an excellent contribution to a burgeoning literature on the conceptual and normative foundations of discrimination law. Indeed, its ambitious scope and the careful argumentation it contains make it one of the best in the field. This book is arguably the most noteworthy contribution in the last few years to the relatively shallow literature on discrimination law. To Tarunabh Kahitan's credit, the book has done justice to its title by indeed expounding 'A' coherent and distinctive theory of discrimination law which, in no way, he claims to be 'THE' theory that explains discrimination law forever. Nevertheless, the conclusion of this book that discrimination law's normative foundation and purpose is freedom-oriented is novel. Hence, any person who is fascinated by discrimination law and theory must certainly place their hands on this erudite monograph. It is an essential reading for experienced scholars in this field as well because it contributes a new version of discrimination law backed by highly substantial legal and jurisprudential arguments. * B Sandeep Suresh, Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law * It is an admirably ambitious exercise in what the author describes as particular jurisprudence, which is informed throughout by the author's keen intelligence and in-depth knowledge of comparative discrimination law. It is also original: his analysis differs radically from other liberal accounts of the law in this regard. This book therefore represents a major contribution to the somewhat scattered conceptual literature that exists in this field. * Colm O'Cinneide, Professor of Law, University College London * One of the things readers will find so enjoyable about this book is the clarity with which Khaitan expresses his ideas and in doing so, he makes complex theoretical ideas accessible. * Dominique Allen, Senior Lecturer, Deakin Law School, Melbourne * It is not often one comes across a book that really sharpens the focus on a familiar subject. I have been teaching the law relating to discrimination all my professional life. After such a long engagement with the subject, I was not expecting to discover anything new in Khaitans book, but my low expectations were confounded. This serious monograph has really got me thinking again very hard about the subject. * Hugh Collins, Vinerian Professor of English Law, All Souls College, University of Oxford * Khaitan's account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. All in all, I strongly recommend A Theory of Discrimination Law to anyone interested in legal and moral theories about discrimination. * Professor Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University * This is a masterful work. It is the first book on discrimination law to offer both a probing analysis of the relevant legal doctrines in a number of jurisdictions and also a philosophically rigorous account of the purpose of these laws. Khaitan's writing is lucid and helpful; his account of anti-discrimination law is detailed and impressively wide-ranging; and his two-level theory of discrimination law's purpose is ingenious and illuminating. This book is essential reading both for scholars of anti-discrimination law and for philosophers trying to understand what is required of a state that truly wishes to treat its citizens as equals. * Sophia Moreau, Associate Professor, University of Toronto * In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that discrimination law is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. * Leslie Green, Professor of the Philosophy of Law, University of Oxford * This ambitious book delivers. Its analysis of discrimination law in liberal societies is compelling, offering a lucid introduction for newcomers and a challenging theoretical account for those long versed in the field. A fascinating report of law across borders. * Reva B. Siegal, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Professor, Yale Law School * There is a remarkable amount to think about in this book, and it accomplishes a great deal. It sheds light on the commonalities between discrimination laws from different jurisdictions. It makes a significant contribution to methodological questions by insisting on a distinction between the ultimate aims of discrimination law and the particular tools that it uses to achieve these aims. And it articulates a novel perfectionist and sufficientarian approach to discrimination, an approach that merits significant consideration from both legal and philosophical scholars. * Sophia Moureau, Law and Philosophy * Regardless of whether the reader, in the guise of legislator, academician, student, lawyer, activist or layperson, agrees with this theory, Khaitan has so neatly presented each step in his approach and in such a manner that any response, whether positive or negative, requires serious contemplation and argument... As a teacher in the field of discrimination law, I am grateful for Khaitans theory of discrimination law, as it gives a platform for students to work from in their attempts to master the tricky shoals of discrimination law and human rights in general. * Laura Carlson, Retfaerd * The central ambition of Khaitans book is to give a theoretical account of the legal model of regulating discrimination. His favoured account is a liberal, freedom based, group-disadvantage-focused account, which allows for asymmetric antidiscrimination norms and explains the unity of discrimination laws, where these include reasonable accommodation, affirmative action and harassment norms...It offers a number of excellent challenges to the views of people like myself who are inclined to think of discrimination as having something to do with equality and that the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination is to be drawn on the basis of the presence or absence of certain mental states of the discriminator... Khaitans account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. * Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, The Modern Law Review * In general, this book is a significant achievement. Khaitan's arguments make an invaluable contribution to the diffuse theoretical literature on discrimination law, and are bound to become a major point of reference in conceptual debates about this highly significant area of law. * Colm O'Cinneide, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies *

Can there be a satisfying theory of the complex and politically charged, body of laws that prohibit discrimination? In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that there can. The field is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. In defending that view, Khaitan casts new light on complex issues in legal philosophy and explains commonalties and contrasts in the law of five jurisdictions. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. Leslie Green, University of Oxford

This book offers a rigorous analytical exercise in reason on the host of issues associated with anti-discrimination for students, lawyers and judges in generations to come. * PY Lo, Hong Kong Law Review * Tarunabh Khaitans A Theory of Discrimination Law is an excellent contribution to a burgeoning literature on the conceptual and normative foundations of discrimination law. Indeed, its ambitious scope and the careful argumentation it contains make it one of the best in the field. This book is arguably the most noteworthy contribution in the last few years to the relatively shallow literature on discrimination law. To Tarunabh Kahitan's credit, the book has done justice to its title by indeed expounding 'A' coherent and distinctive theory of discrimination law which, in no way, he claims to be 'THE' theory that explains discrimination law forever. Nevertheless, the conclusion of this book that discrimination law's normative foundation and purpose is freedom-oriented is novel. Hence, any person who is fascinated by discrimination law and theory must certainly place their hands on this erudite monograph. It is an essential reading for experienced scholars in this field as well because it contributes a new version of discrimination law backed by highly substantial legal and jurisprudential arguments. * B Sandeep Suresh, Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law * It is an admirably ambitious exercise in what the author describes as particular jurisprudence, which is informed throughout by the author's keen intelligence and in-depth knowledge of comparative discrimination law. It is also original: his analysis differs radically from other liberal accounts of the law in this regard. This book therefore represents a major contribution to the somewhat scattered conceptual literature that exists in this field. * Colm O'Cinneide, Professor of Law, University College London * One of the things readers will find so enjoyable about this book is the clarity with which Khaitan expresses his ideas and in doing so, he makes complex theoretical ideas accessible. * Dominique Allen, Senior Lecturer, Deakin Law School, Melbourne * It is not often one comes across a book that really sharpens the focus on a familiar subject. I have been teaching the law relating to discrimination all my professional life. After such a long engagement with the subject, I was not expecting to discover anything new in Khaitans book, but my low expectations were confounded. This serious monograph has really got me thinking again very hard about the subject. * Hugh Collins, Vinerian Professor of English Law, All Souls College, University of Oxford * Khaitan's account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. All in all, I strongly recommend A Theory of Discrimination Law to anyone interested in legal and moral theories about discrimination. * Professor Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University * This is a masterful work. It is the first book on discrimination law to offer both a probing analysis of the relevant legal doctrines in a number of jurisdictions and also a philosophically rigorous account of the purpose of these laws. Khaitan's writing is lucid and helpful; his account of anti-discrimination law is detailed and impressively wide-ranging; and his two-level theory of discrimination law's purpose is ingenious and illuminating. This book is essential reading both for scholars of anti-discrimination law and for philosophers trying to understand what is required of a state that truly wishes to treat its citizens as equals. * Sophia Moreau, Associate Professor, University of Toronto * In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that discrimination law is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. * Leslie Green, Professor of the Philosophy of Law, University of Oxford * This ambitious book delivers. Its analysis of discrimination law in liberal societies is compelling, offering a lucid introduction for newcomers and a challenging theoretical account for those long versed in the field. A fascinating report of law across borders. * Reva B. Siegal, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Professor, Yale Law School * There is a remarkable amount to think about in this book, and it accomplishes a great deal. It sheds light on the commonalities between discrimination laws from different jurisdictions. It makes a significant contribution to methodological questions by insisting on a distinction between the ultimate aims of discrimination law and the particular tools that it uses to achieve these aims. And it articulates a novel perfectionist and sufficientarian approach to discrimination, an approach that merits significant consideration from both legal and philosophical scholars. * Sophia Moureau, Law and Philosophy * Regardless of whether the reader, in the guise of legislator, academician, student, lawyer, activist or layperson, agrees with this theory, Khaitan has so neatly presented each step in his approach and in such a manner that any response, whether positive or negative, requires serious contemplation and argument... As a teacher in the field of discrimination law, I am grateful for Khaitans theory of discrimination law, as it gives a platform for students to work from in their attempts to master the tricky shoals of discrimination law and human rights in general. * Laura Carlson, Retfaerd * The central ambition of Khaitans book is to give a theoretical account of the legal model of regulating discrimination. His favoured account is a liberal, freedom based, group-disadvantage-focused account, which allows for asymmetric antidiscrimination norms and explains the unity of discrimination laws, where these include reasonable accommodation, affirmative action and harassment norms...It offers a number of excellent challenges to the views of people like myself who are inclined to think of discrimination as having something to do with equality and that the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination is to be drawn on the basis of the presence or absence of certain mental states of the discriminator... Khaitans account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. * Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, The Modern Law Review * In general, this book is a significant achievement. Khaitan's arguments make an invaluable contribution to the diffuse theoretical literature on discrimination law, and are bound to become a major point of reference in conceptual debates about this highly significant area of law. * Colm O'Cinneide, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies * Tarunabh Khaitan's A Theory of Discrimination Law is an excellent contribution to a burgeoning literature on the conceptual and normative foundations of discrimination law. Indeed, its ambitious scope and the careful argumentation it contains make it one of the best in the field. * Deborah Hellman, Ethics *

Tarunabh Khaitan's A Theory of Discrimination Law is an excellent contribution to a burgeoning literature on the conceptual and normative foundations of discrimination law. Indeed, its ambitious scope and the careful argumentation it contains make it one of the best in the field. * Deborah Hellman, Ethics * In general, this book is a significant achievement. Khaitan's arguments make an invaluable contribution to the diffuse theoretical literature on discrimination law, and are bound to become a major point of reference in conceptual debates about this highly significant area of law. * Colm O'Cinneide, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies * The central ambition of Khaitans book is to give a theoretical account of the legal model of regulating discrimination. His favoured account is a liberal, freedom based, group-disadvantage-focused account, which allows for asymmetric antidiscrimination norms and explains the unity of discrimination laws, where these include reasonable accommodation, affirmative action and harassment norms...It offers a number of excellent challenges to the views of people like myself who are inclined to think of discrimination as having something to do with equality and that the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination is to be drawn on the basis of the presence or absence of certain mental states of the discriminator... Khaitans account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. * Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, The Modern Law Review * Regardless of whether the reader, in the guise of legislator, academician, student, lawyer, activist or layperson, agrees with this theory, Khaitan has so neatly presented each step in his approach and in such a manner that any response, whether positive or negative, requires serious contemplation and argument... As a teacher in the field of discrimination law, I am grateful for Khaitans theory of discrimination law, as it gives a platform for students to work from in their attempts to master the tricky shoals of discrimination law and human rights in general. * Laura Carlson, Retfærd * There is a remarkable amount to think about in this book, and it accomplishes a great deal. It sheds light on the commonalities between discrimination laws from different jurisdictions. It makes a significant contribution to methodological questions by insisting on a distinction between the ultimate aims of discrimination law and the particular tools that it uses to achieve these aims. And it articulates a novel perfectionist and sufficientarian approach to discrimination, an approach that merits significant consideration from both legal and philosophical scholars. * Sophia Moureau, Law and Philosophy * This ambitious book delivers. Its analysis of discrimination law in liberal societies is compelling, offering a lucid introduction for newcomers and a challenging theoretical account for those long versed in the field. A fascinating report of law across borders. * Reva B. Siegal, Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Professor, Yale Law School * In this perceptive book, Tarunabh Khaitan shows that discrimination law is not a ragbag of rules; it is unified around a moral duty to remedy serious, persistent, and pervasive forms of relative disadvantage among members of certain groups. Although relativities therefore matter, they do so for the sake of liberty, not equality. A Theory of Discrimination Law is an engaging, and engaged, work on an important area of law, by one of the most interesting new voices in legal theory. * Leslie Green, Professor of the Philosophy of Law, University of Oxford * This is a masterful work. It is the first book on discrimination law to offer both a probing analysis of the relevant legal doctrines in a number of jurisdictions and also a philosophically rigorous account of the purpose of these laws. Khaitan's writing is lucid and helpful; his account of anti-discrimination law is detailed and impressively wide-ranging; and his two-level theory of discrimination law's purpose is ingenious and illuminating. This book is essential reading both for scholars of anti-discrimination law and for philosophers trying to understand what is required of a state that truly wishes to treat its citizens as equals. * Sophia Moreau, Associate Professor, University of Toronto * Khaitan's account is sophisticated, extensive and among the very best normative accounts of discrimination law available. All in all, I strongly recommend A Theory of Discrimination Law to anyone interested in legal and moral theories about discrimination. * Professor Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University * It is not often one comes across a book that really sharpens the focus on a familiar subject. I have been teaching the law relating to discrimination all my professional life. After such a long engagement with the subject, I was not expecting to discover anything new in Khaitans book, but my low expectations were confounded. This serious monograph has really got me thinking again very hard about the subject. * Hugh Collins, Vinerian Professor of English Law, All Souls College, University of Oxford * One of the things readers will find so enjoyable about this book is the clarity with which Khaitan expresses his ideas and in doing so, he makes complex theoretical ideas accessible. * Dominique Allen, Senior Lecturer, Deakin Law School, Melbourne * It is an admirably ambitious exercise in what the author describes as particular jurisprudence, which is informed throughout by the author's keen intelligence and in-depth knowledge of comparative discrimination law. It is also original: his analysis differs radically from other liberal accounts of the law in this regard. This book therefore represents a major contribution to the somewhat scattered conceptual literature that exists in this field. * Colm O'Cinneide, Professor of Law, University College London * This book is arguably the most noteworthy contribution in the last few years to the relatively shallow literature on discrimination law. To Tarunabh Kahitan's credit, the book has done justice to its title by indeed expounding 'A' coherent and distinctive theory of discrimination law which, in no way, he claims to be 'THE' theory that explains discrimination law forever. Nevertheless, the conclusion of this book that discrimination law's normative foundation and purpose is freedom-oriented is novel. Hence, any person who is fascinated by discrimination law and theory must certainly place their hands on this erudite monograph. It is an essential reading for experienced scholars in this field as well because it contributes a new version of discrimination law backed by highly substantial legal and jurisprudential arguments. * B Sandeep Suresh, Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law * Tarunabh Khaitans A Theory of Discrimination Law is an excellent contribution to a burgeoning literature on the conceptual and normative foundations of discrimination law. Indeed, its ambitious scope and the careful argumentation it contains make it one of the best in the field. This book offers a rigorous analytical exercise in reason on the host of issues associated with anti-discrimination for students, lawyers and judges in generations to come. * PY Lo, Hong Kong Law Review *

Author Information

Dr Tarun Khaitan is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford and the Hackney Fellow in Law at Wadham College. His teaching and research interests cover legal theory, public law, and human rights.

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